Geochemical characteristics of soil gases Rn， Hg and CO2 and their genesis in the capital area of China
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摘要: 对首都圈地区跨18条活动断裂的35条剖面进行了土壤气浓度和通量测量， 结果显示： 各测量剖面土壤气Rn， Hg和CO2的浓度平均值分别为3.2—45.0 kBq/m3， 3.9—24.9 ng/m3和0.154%—2.175%； 其通量平均值分别为3.8—152.1 mBq/(m2·s)， 0.1-42.6 ng/(m2·h)和8.5—89.4 g/(m2·d)． 研究区土壤气Rn， Hg和CO2的浓度和通量均呈东高西低的变化趋势， 与首都圈地区由西至东应力水平增高、 地壳厚度逐渐减薄、 沉积层厚度增大、 地震活动逐渐增强等趋势相对应， 这表明首都圈地区土壤气的区域地球化学特征主要受控于上地壳物质结构、 深部气体补给和地震活动， 同时也受到自然环境及土壤类型的影响．Abstract: The concentration and flux of soil gases were measured at 35 profiles across 18 faults in the capital area of China from June to July of 2015， and the geochemical characteristics and sources of soil gases Rn， Hg and CO2 in the area were also investigated. The results showed that the average concentrations of Rn， Hg and CO2 varied from 3.2 to 45.0 kBq/m3， 3.9 to 24.9 ng/m3 and 0.154% to 2.175%， respectively. The average flux values of Rn， Hg and CO2 ranged from 3.8 to 152.1 mBq/(m2·s)， 0.1 to 42.6 ng/(m2·h) and 8.5 to 89.4 g/(m2·d)， respectively. There is an obvious spatial distribution feature of soil gases that both the concentration and flux values in the eastern region were higher than those in the western region within the studied area， which could be attributed to the increased tectonic stress， the decreased crustal thickness， the increased thickness of sediments and earthquake activity from west to east. These spatial geochemical characteristics in the studied area might be mainly controlled by the upper crustal material structure， deep gas supply and seismic activity， and also additionally affected to some degree by the natural environment and soil types.
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Keywords:
- soil gas /
- geochemistry /
- background field /
- active fault /
- the capital area of China
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图 1 首都圈地区构造和历史中强震分布(公元前780年—2015年1月1日)
F1： 口泉断裂； F2： 六棱山断裂； F3： 大同火山断裂； F4： 阳高—天镇断裂； F5： 蔚县—广灵断裂； F6： 阳原盆地断裂；F7： 怀安盆地北缘断裂； F8： 张家口断裂； F9： 沙城断裂； F10： 怀来—涿鹿断裂； F11： 延庆—矾山断裂； F12： 夏垫断裂； F13： 蓟县山前断裂； F14： 宝坻断裂； F15： 天津北断裂； F16： 沧东断裂； F17： 海河断裂； F18： 唐山断裂，下同
Figure 1. Sketch map showing tectonic settings and historical moderate-strong earthquakes of the capital area of China from 780 BC to January 1，2015
The inverse triangles denote the measuring sites of soil gas，and the black lines denote fault，the same below. F1： Kouquan fault； F2： Liulengshan fault； F3： Datong volcanic fault； F4： Yanggao-Tianzhen fault；F5： Yuxian-Guangling fault； F6： Yangyuan basin fault ； F7： Northern marginal fault of Huaian basin； F8： Zhangjiakou fault； F9： Shacheng fault； F10： Huailai-Zhuolu fault； F11： Yanqing-Fanshan fault； F12： Xiadian fault； F13： Jixian piedmont fault； F14： Baodi fault； F15： Nor-thern Tianjin fault； F16： Cangdong fault； F17： Haihe fault； F18： Tangshan fault
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图 2 首都圈地区土壤气浓度和通量布点示意图
Figure 2. Measuring sites for the concentration (dots)and flux(inverse triangles)of soil gases in the capital area of China
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图 3 首都圈地区土壤气浓度C及通量F平均值分布
Figure 3. Distribution of average concentration C(squares)and flux F(dots)for soil gases Rn，CO2 and Hg in the capital area of China
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图 4 首都圈地区土壤气测点布设及浓度平均值示意图
Figure 4. Arrangement of measuring sites and the average concentration of soil gases in the capital area of China
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图 5 首都圈地区土壤气通量平均值示意图
Figure 5. Average flux of soil gases in the capital area of China
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图 6 2014年5月1日—2015年5月1日首都圈地区小震活动空间分布图
Figure 6. Distribution of small earthquakes in the capital area of China from May 1，2014 to May 1，2015
表 1 首都圈地区土壤气Rn,Hg和CO2 的组分浓度C和通量F
Table 1 Flux F and constituent concentration C for soil gases Rn,Hg and CO2 in the capital area of China
地点 测点
代号CRn/(kBq·m-3) CHg/(ng·m-3) CCO2 FRn/(mBq·m-2·s-1) FHg/(ng·m-2·h-1) FCO2/(g·m-2·d-1) 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 石井村 SJC 18.4 5.4 8.3 29 6 12.8 0.515% 0.082% 0.203% 27.4 40.2 27.4 20.6 8.1 13.4 38.6 8.0 27.1 上皇庄 SHZ 11.0 1.0 7.4 60 8 24.9 1.242% 0.087% 0.182% 31.5 48.4 31.5 46.6 4.8 23.4 13.6 4.2 8.5 大同火山 DTHS 13.7 5.2 7.9 12 3 6.6 0.442% 0.179% 0.243% 35.2 44.0 35.2 3.6 1.0 2.1 37.6 0.1 17.9 东后子口 DHZC 5.9 1.1 3.2 30 3 12.2 0.369% 0.146% 0.204% 13.0 24.2 13.0 14.2 1.5 6.8 28.9 11.3 21.3 阎家窑 YJY 9.5 2.8 4.8 20 4 9.2 0.216% 0.107% 0.154% 26.4 49.9 26.4 15.4 7.7 10.0 34.5 8.3 23.3 宜兴庄 YXZ 11.8 2.0 5.7 16 6 9.0 0.479% 0.070% 0.173% 8.5 14.1 8.5 20.9 5.1 12.0 38.3 8.9 24.4 北口村 BKC 11.3 2.9 5.6 9 3 6.1 1.116% 0.373% 0.570% 4.9 8.7 4.9 4.7 1.7 3.1 15.6 8.2 12.4 榆林口 YLK 9.3 2.5 4.7 12 4 7.1 0.482% 0.208% 0.346% 13.3 17.5 13.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 40.4 27.9 34.1 张仲口 ZZK 10.5 3.9 7.2 34 4 9.7 0.302% 0.108% 0.193% 25.8 40.5 25.8 8.3 0.1 2.9 31.5 22.5 27.3 南口村 NKC 7.5 2.2 5.9 13 5 7.8 0.870% 0.124% 0.491% 7.1 14.1 7.6 9.5 4.2 6.3 69.9 22.0 40.7 羊窑沟 YJG 7.4 3.6 5.5 20 5 10.6 0.276% 0.152% 0.201% 25.6 36.4 25.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 31.1 15.7 23.8 张家窑 ZJY 6.9 2.1 4.3 6 3 3.9 0.864% 0.349% 0.597% 14.4 22.4 14.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 53.0 8.5 26.3 万全县 WQX 14.0 6.8 10.6 18 4 7.4 0.295% 0.220% 0.258% 18.0 24.7 18.0 1.5 0 1.1 16.5 9.1 14.0 青边口 QBK 11.8 4.2 8.0 10 4 5.6 0.503% 0.317% 0.393% 31.5 48.4 31.5 10.7 1.3 3.8 46.5 18.9 28.9 郝家坡 HJP 16.7 4.3 8.9 12 3 5.7 1.340% 0.174% 0.604% 8.9 13.2 8.9 20.1 4.2 7.7 33.5 10.0 24.8 西洪站 XHZ 12.8 3.2 6.2 9 2 4.9 0.561% 0.243% 0.404% 12.8 20.6 12.8 16.1 2.3 8.8 46.6 12.2 31.8 东园子 DYZC 14.8 0.7 6.2 30 4 10.4 6.004% 0.058% 2.175% 10.3 18.1 10.3 15.6 1.6 7.5 57.8 1.4 32.1 良田屯 LTT 10.8 3.0 7.4 27 6 12.8 1.282% 0.196% 0.501% 20.1 24.7 20.1 4.2 2.1 3.0 37.7 28.5 32.9 八营村 BYC 7.5 3.9 6.3 11 5 7.9 0.292% 0.175% 0.257% 23.0 36.6 23.0 3.6 0.6 2.4 13.2 0 4.3 蚕房营 CFY 21.3 4.4 10.8 12 1 5.0 2.118% 0.195% 0.648% 23.5 45.7 23.5 8.9 4.3 6.1 41.0 22.3 34.3 玉皇庙 YHM 15.9 5.5 11.4 11 2 4.3 0.477% 0.303% 0.399% 24.7 48.7 24.7 21.8 0.3 7.4 51.0 23.0 36.0 大东关 DDG 40.2 20.9 5.6 18 4 6.1 0.783% 0.406% 0.570% 5.9 1.7 3.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 5.1 2.5 3.8 潘各庄 PGZ 63.4 34.2 45.0 20 4 6.9 1.516% 0.091% 0.904% 148.1 29.4 71.1 17.1 7.4 12.0 154.6 53.6 89.4 齐心庄 QXZ 44.4 10.4 25.9 16 3 8.2 2.160% 0.646% 1.394% 25.4 8.0 17.5 4.0 1.0 2.1 67.4 16.8 41.6 王家口 WJK 71.5 0.6 6.2 95 7 13.8 1.393% 0.054% 0.333% 76.5 15.7 48.3 43.6 8.4 29.0 68.3 49.9 61.3 八户村 BHC 40.0 6.4 16.0 30 6 11.4 3.790% 0.333% 1.103% 50.7 24.0 40.0 9.4 2.4 5.9 113.0 66.1 84.5 陈家庵 CJA 56.8 1.0 29.9 27 7 13.8 2.438% 0.073% 0.851% 97.6 48.0 74.5 26.1 13.1 21.0 43.1 35.2 76.9 北怀淀 BHD 28.5 0.3 6.3 26 6 13.3 0.544% 0.058% 0.206% 159.0 78.7 110.7 34.2 19.9 29.4 69.2 39.7 50.5 何家洼 HJW 30.4 0.5 6.1 135 6 19.9 0.889% 0.075% 0.326% 73.4 41.4 56.0 45.1 39.1 42.6 86.4 36.9 64.0 邓善沽 DSG 40.6 0.4 20.7 24 6 12.4 3.347% 0.072% 1.386% 294.9 3.2 152.1 10.8 4.8 7.8 136.1 28.6 81.8 朱头淀 ZTD 82.8 0.3 9.9 20 6 11.3 3.908% 0.056% 0.364% 50.5 4.3 24.1 41.7 25.4 34.0 57.5 30.9 42.3 南营村 NYC 53.5 3.4 19.5 24 4 11.2 1.548% 0.059% 0.828% 33.5 9.5 21.5 22.6 13.5 18.7 65.4 53.4 59.4 吴家庄 WJZ 37.0 1.2 13.9 86 7 21.5 2.049% 0.148% 0.826% 94.7 49.0 64.3 3.2 0.6 1.9 52.6 23.1 42.0 丰南 FN 31.1 3.7 15.8 34 8 15.9 7.212% 0.398% 1.851% 38.9 16.5 24.2 24.8 9.2 16.3 43.5 33.3 37.2 巍峰山 WFS 28.2 0.5 9.2 22 10 13.7 0.791% 0.080% 0.301% 35.0 22.3 27.6 18.2 2.2 9.0 64.0 27.2 42.8 
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表 2 山西地震带北段和张渤地震带陆地段的地震活动性参数与活动习性(武敏捷等，2013)
Table 2 The seismic activity parameters and characteristics in north section of Shanxi seismic belt and the land area of Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt(after Wu et al，2013)
地震带 段落名称 b值 断裂活动习性 山西地震带北段 赤城—张家口 0.87 相对闭锁 张家口—大同 0.84 中等频度中小地震 张渤地震带陆地段 尚义—张家口 0.57 中等频度中小地震 涿鹿—延庆 0.72 小震活动 延庆—怀柔 0.72 相对闭锁 三河—玉田 0.89 频繁小震活动 玉田—唐山 0.81 中等频度中小地震
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表 3 张渤地震带部分台站h-k扫描结果(张莹莹等，2015)
Table 3 h-k searching results for some stations in Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt(after Zhang et al，2015)
序号 台站 h/km 波速比k 1 CHC 40±1.28 1.74±0.044 2 LBP 37±0.07 1.84±0.022 3 MIY 34±1.17 1.85±0.039 4 XIL 34±0.92 1.79±0.035 5 XLD 33±1.06 1.79±0.038 6 QIX 30±0.92 1.86±0.045 7 CLI 32±1.43 1.76±0.062 注： 台站按张渤地震带自西向东排序，h为莫霍面深度.
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