汤阴地堑南部土壤Rn空间分布特征

胡宁, 马志敏, 娄露玲, 王宇, 张宝山, 王明亮, 陈蒙, 郭德科

胡宁,马志敏,娄露玲,王宇,张宝山,王明亮,陈蒙,郭德科. 2022. 汤阴地堑南部土壤Rn空间分布特征. 地震学报,44(3):489−500. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20200054
引用本文: 胡宁,马志敏,娄露玲,王宇,张宝山,王明亮,陈蒙,郭德科. 2022. 汤阴地堑南部土壤Rn空间分布特征. 地震学报,44(3):489−500. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20200054
Hu N,Ma Z M,Lou L L,Wang Y,Zhang B S,Wang M L,Chen M,Guo D K. 2022. Spatial distribution characteristics of soil radon in the southern Tangyin graben. Acta Seismologica Sinica44(3):489−500. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20200054
Citation: Hu N,Ma Z M,Lou L L,Wang Y,Zhang B S,Wang M L,Chen M,Guo D K. 2022. Spatial distribution characteristics of soil radon in the southern Tangyin graben. Acta Seismologica Sinica44(3):489−500. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20200054

汤阴地堑南部土壤Rn空间分布特征

基金项目: 地震科技星火计划(XH19028YSX和XH16026)和国家自然科学基金(41601584)共同资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    胡宁,博士,高级工程师,主要从事第四纪地质环境研究,e-mail:qningh@126.com

    通讯作者:

    王明亮,硕士,工程师,主要从事地下流体、地震地质研究,e-mail:704397278@qq.com

  • 中图分类号: P315.72+4

Spatial distribution characteristics of soil radon in the southern Tangyin graben

  • 摘要: 为分析汤阴地堑南部土壤Rn空间分布特征,揭示其与断裂构造、岩性及沉积层厚度之间的联系,本文采用网格化布点野外流动观测方法测定了该地区380个点的土壤Rn浓度,结果表明:汤阴地堑土壤Rn浓度介于3.09—78.54 kBq/m3,背景均值为27.22 kBq/m3,异常阈值下限为48.40 kBq/m3。在空间分布上,研究区西部(以第四系等厚线50 m为界),受岩石单元和人类石料开采活动的影响,Rn浓度背景值高于东部。在西部高浓度背景影响下,Rn浓度高值异常点除沿汤西断裂带分布外,还沿断裂带外围呈斑块状分布,断裂带对气体释放的控制作用在一定程度上被掩盖。而东部地区,覆盖层较厚,Rn浓度背景值较低,部分高值异常点主要沿汤中和汤东断裂带分布,显示出构造对气体迁移的控制作用;另一部分高值异常点与第四系等厚线近似平行,呈条带分布,推测新乡—卫辉间存在一条规模较大的隐伏断裂。此外,研究区主要断裂带的Rn异常衬度表现为汤东断裂带高于汤西和汤中断裂带。结合研究区地质背景和深部孕震环境认为,该Rn异常衬度表现是汤阴地堑南部构造活动背景的反映。因此,研究区土壤Rn浓度空间分布主要受断裂构造、岩性、沉积层厚度以及人类活动的影响,气体异常衬度主要受汤阴地堑南部构造活动背景的控制。土壤Rn浓度能够有效地用于汤东活动断裂带的构造活动监测,而对位于隆起区与沉降区的过渡地带、断裂局部出露于地表,且受人类活动影响较大的汤西断裂带则需充分考虑环境背景的影响。
    Abstract: This paper discussed the spatial distribution characteristics of radon in the soil gas and their relationship with faults, geological structures, lithology, and sediment thickness based on the radon concentrations obtained by the field mobile measurement at the gridding layout observation points in the southern Tangyin graben. The measurements showed that the soil radon concentrations in the Tangyin graben varied from 3.09 to 78.54 kBq/m3 with a mean value of 27.22 kBq/m3, and the anomalous threshold was 48.40 kBq/m3. Spatially, the studied area was divided into two parts based on the contour of Quaternary system (50 m thickness), the distribution characteristics of soil gas presented that radon background concentrations were higher in western region than that in eastern evidently because of the difference of lithology units made up the local strata and the influence of human mining activity. Accordingly, the radon concentration anomalies of soil gas in western region were patchily scattered on the periphery of Tangxi fault belt besides of distributed along the fault belt itself. Nevertheless, in eastern region, the most of radon concentration anomalies mainly presented along Tangzhong and Tangdong fault belts. Similarly, the contours map of radon concentrations also indicated the azimuth of concentration anomalous belts were consistent with the strike of Tangzhong and Tangdong faults in east region, which implied the emanation of deep-seated source gas was controlled by fault structures. In addition, the radon concentrations contours map also suggested there was a radon anomalous band of NE strike that was almost parallel to contours of local Quaternary system thickness, by which we speculated there was a buried fault. Furthermore, in this studied area, though the release intensity of soil radon in the western part was significantly higher than that in the middle-eastern part, the radon concentrations anomalous extent showed a trend of increasing from west to east, which revealed that the Tangdong fault was more active than others. The comprehensive analysis indicated that the spatial distribution of soil radon concentrations was mainly controlled by fault structures, lithology formation, thickness of sedimentary layer, and human mining activities, and variations of radon concentrations were mainly dominated by the background tectonic activity of southern Tangyin graben. Our results imply that soil radon is an effective indicator for tectonic activity observation of Tangdong fault. While it is appiled to Tangxi fault which is located in the transition region between the uplift and the subsidence the influence of environmental background needs to be fully considered, because of the impact of bedrock cropping out partially and human mining activities.
  • 圆柱型储罐因其具有容量大、用钢量少、占地面积小、结构和施工简单等优点已成为我国战略储备石油的主要设备。我国地震频发且烈度高,储罐在其作用下会随机运动,因而诱发流体剧烈的非线性晃荡(孙颖,2012),伴随的强烈抨击荷载和倾覆力矩影响着储罐的在位稳定性,储罐一旦破损,不仅会造成经济损失,也会带来严重的次生灾害,如环境污染和火灾事故(方浩等,2012)。因此,厘清地震载荷下储罐内流体的水动力特性对储罐的安全分析与结构优化设计具有重要的工程价值。

    Virella等(2006)通过附加质量法分析了水平简谐载荷下圆柱型储罐内液体晃荡的脉冲模式,Chen等(2007)对圆柱型储罐在简谐载荷与地震载荷下的液体晃荡现象进行了数值研究和试验研究,其结果表明当外部载荷的主频接近于储液的固有频率时,外部载荷会诱发流体共振。杨杰等(2016)使用附加质量法对水平地震载荷下的大型渡槽中的流体非线性晃荡进行了研究。Caron等(2018)通过物理模型试验并结合数值模拟研究了圆柱型储罐在共振简谐载荷下自由液面的晃动情况。周利剑等(2019)通过物理模型试验与弹簧-质量法探究了地震频率对圆柱型储罐中流体运动的影响,其结果表明长周期地震引起的波高明显大于其它类型地震,且晃荡模态为多阶振型的叠加。Cheng等(2019)以及Hejazi和Mohammadi (2019)分别基于势流理论和物理模型实验分析了地震载荷下的液体晃荡现象,结果表明影响晃荡波高的主导因素是地震峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,缩写为PGA)和主要频率。罗东雨等(2020)应用有限元软件ADINA研究16×104 m3液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,缩写为LNG)储罐在地震载荷下的响应,其结果显示地震频率是影响储液晃荡的主要因素。Hernandez-Hernandez等(2021)试验研究了PGA对储罐内流体晃荡的影响,其结果显示,最大环向应力与PGA线性相关。Jin等(2021)基于Navier-Stokes数值模型研究了天然地震对晃荡波高的影响规律,发现地震峰值速度(peak ground velocity,缩写为PGV)对峰值波高起着决定性作用。尽管地震是多向耦合的随机振动,但部分研究显示竖向地震对液体晃荡的影响并不显著(刘勇,2007陈贵清等,2012张如林等,2017)。

    上述研究主要针对简谐共振或低频地震载荷下的液体晃荡现象,且多以附加质量法和弹簧-质量法来分析流固耦合问题,关于地震频率、PGA与PGV等因素对晃荡响应的影响规律还有待进一步揭示。为此,本研究拟采用计算流体力学软件Fluent对流体晃荡进行数值模拟,建立储罐与液体的耦合模型,选用包括低、中、高频在内的15种地震信号,探究地震信号的频率、PGA和PGV对储液的晃荡模式以及不同位置水动力特性的影响规律,以期为大型储罐的优化设计提供一定的参考。

    本研究采用Fluent进行数值模拟研究。流体在地震载荷下的晃荡通过多参考系法(multiple reference frame,缩写为MRF)实现。假设储液不可压,罐壁为刚性薄壁(Luo et al,2016),选用流体体积法(volume of fluid,缩写为VOF)追踪自由液面(Hirt,Nichols,1981)。

    不可压流动由连续性方程和Navier-Stokes方程描述,具体如下:

    $$ \nabla \, {\bullet} \,\, {\boldsymbol{u}}=0 \text{,} $$ (1)
    $$\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{u}}{\partial t} + \nabla \, {\bullet} \,\, ( \boldsymbol{u} \boldsymbol{u} ) =-\frac{1}{\rho} \nabla p + \nabla \, {\bullet} \,\, \left[\mu\left(\nabla \boldsymbol{u} + ( \nabla \boldsymbol{u} ) ^{\mathrm{T}}\right) \right] + f_i \text{,} $$ (2)

    式中:ρ为流体密度;$\nabla $为哈密顿算子;速度矢量u=$ [ $uvw$ ] $,其中uvw分别为液体在xyz方向上的速度分量;p为压强;μ为运动黏度;fi为单位体积流体所受到的体积力。选用多参考系法实现储罐内流体晃荡模块,控制方程可参照Shu等(2018)。

    自由液面采用流体体积法进行追踪,通过求解以下通量方程来实现:

    $$\begin{gathered}\frac{\partial \alpha_{\mathrm{w}}}{\partial t} + \boldsymbol{U} \, {\bullet} \,\, \nabla \alpha_{\mathrm{w}}=0 \text{,} \alpha_{\mathrm{a}}+\alpha_{\mathrm{w}}=1 \text{,} \end{gathered}$$ (3)

    式中,αaαw分别为控制体中空气和水的体积分数,αa=1表示单元内为空气,αw=1表示单元内为水,0<αa<1表示单元内为水和空气。

    Chen等(2007)和Xue等(2019)研究了1995年神户M7地震载荷(图1a)下的流体晃荡现象,其中圆柱型储罐的尺寸为:半径R=30 cm,静水水深H=10 cm。本文对该工况进行数值模拟。图1b给出了罐壁右侧波高的试验结果(Chen et al,2007)和数值解(Xue et al,2019)与本文数值解的对比。尽管本文数值解与Xue等(2019)的数值解、Chen等(2007)的试验结果在峰值处有差异,但最大误差不超过12.4%,三者间几乎没有相位差,整体吻合得较好,说明本文所采用的数值方法具有较高的精度,可用于后续研究。

    图  1  1995年神户M7地震的位移时程(a)以及神户地震载荷下罐壁右侧波高的时程曲线对比(b)
    Figure  1.  Time history of ground displacement of Kobe seismic excitation (a) and comparison of time histories of wave heights at the right sidewall of the cylindrical tank under 1997 M7 Kobe seismic excitation (b)

    本研究选取12个地震事件,涉及15种地震信号,相应的地震参数列于表1,相应的加速度时程如图2所示。PGA从0.081g增长到1.79g;PGV最低为0.22 m/s,最高可达1.76 m/s。地震的频率成分根据PGA与PGV的比值划分为低频、中频与高频等三大类(Tso et al,1992Kianoush,Ghaemmaghami,2011):PGA/PGV>1.2为高频,0.8<PGA/PGV<1.2为中频,PGA/PGV<0.8为低频。因此,低频、中频和高频地震分别有7、5和3个。

    表  1  本研究涉及地震的相关参数
    Table  1.  The characteristics of considered seismic excitations in this study
    地震信号 频率类别 主要频率/Hz PGA/g PGV/(m·s−1 PGA/PGV
    芦山53Elk-EW 低频 0.425,0.625 0.081 0.377 0.215
    芦山53Elk-SN 低频 0.325,0.4 0.224 0.866 0.259
    芦山53Yjb-EW 低频 0.658,0.703 0.075 0.232 0.323
    埃尔森特罗(El Centro)-EW 低频 0.449,0.842 0.214 0.48 0.446
    神户(Kobe) 低频 0.269,0.537,0.879 0.611 1.27 0.48
    埃尔津(Erzican) 低频 0.42,0.563,0.798 0.52 0.84 0.619
    北岭-1(Northridge-1) 低频 0.353,0.873,1.08 0.607 0.8 0.754
    唐山 中频 0.65,0.8,1.2 1.268 1.584 0.8
    康奎特(Concrete) 中频 0.49,0.6,0.98,1.1 0.63 0.758 0.83
    埃尔森特罗(El Centro)-SN 中频 0.561,0.839,1.16 0.349 0.38 0.91
    塔夫脱(Taft) 中频 0.11,0.37,0.61,1.2 1.79 1.76 1.02
    曼杜西诺角(Cape Mendocino) 中频 0.868,1.43,2.14 1.45 1.26 1.15
    汶川卧龙-EW 高频 0.622,1.38,2.35 0.97 0.585 1.66
    柯依那(Koyna)-SN 高频 0.87,1.55 0.585 0.31 1.89
    芦山53Yjb-SN 高频 0.841,2.545 0.473 0.22 2.15
    注:第一列中的53Elk,53Yjb和卧龙为站点名称,EW和SN为地震信号的东西分量和南北分量。
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  2  本文选取地震的加速度时程曲线
    Figure  2.  Time histories of considered seismic accelerations used in this study

    本节对地震载荷下圆柱型储罐内的晃荡模式和水动力特性进行讨论。液体的一阶固有频率满足如下公式(Chen et al,2007):

    $$\begin{split} \omega_1=\sqrt{\frac{2 \lambda_1 g}{d} \tanh \left(\lambda_1 \frac{h}{R}\right)} \text{,} \end{split}$$ (4)

    式中:$\lambda_1 $为一阶贝塞尔函数的一阶导数,$\lambda_1 $=1.841。本文中,储罐高HT=15 m,直径d=15 m,静水水深h=10 m (Djermane et al,2014)。根据式(4)计算出ω1=1.54 rad/s。储罐东侧布置9个压力测点,标记为P1P2,···,P9 (分别距底部0 m,1 m,5 m,6 m,8 m,9.5 m,10 m,10.5 m,11 m);四只数值波高仪排布在罐体的东、南、西、北四个方向,分别标记为WeWsWwWn,如图3所示。

    图  3  圆柱型储罐的整体视图(a)和顶视图(b)
    Figure  3.  The overall-view (a) and top-view (b) geometries of the cylindrical tank

    基于网格法的数值仿真需要评估网格数对计算精度的影响。本文选用15万、21万、25万、28万和31万等五种网格数进行网格无关性验证。图4给出了芦山53Elk-SN载荷下,不同网格数下东侧(We)和北侧(Wn)处波高的对比。可见:当网格数由15万增至25万时,波高略微增大,进一步增至31万时,波高曲线几乎重合。综合考虑计算效率与精度,本文选取25万网格数开展后续研究。

    图  4  芦山53Elk-SN载荷下储罐东侧We (a)和北侧Wn (b)处不同网格数下波高的对比
    Figure  4.  Comparison of time histories of the wave heights at We (a) and Wn (b) from various grids under Lushan 53Elk SN excitation

    本节重点分析地震频率、PGV和PGA对晃荡波高、水动压的影响。

    不同地震载荷下晃荡波高的时程曲线如图5所示。主频接近储液固有频率的地震信号会引发共振晃荡(张如林等,2017Jin et al,2021)。例如:芦山53Elk-SN、神户以及北岭-1地震信号的主频分别为0.325 Hz,0.269 Hz和0.353 Hz,接近于储液的一阶固有频率(0.245 Hz),相应的波高时程如图5beg所示。从该图可见,三个工况均为共振波且远大于非共振工况下的波高。15种工况下地震的主频、PGV和东侧(We)处相应的峰值波高列于表2。一般情况下,中、高频地震载荷引起的晃荡波高小于低频地震引起的波高,但也存在一些特例。例如:低频的芦山53Yjb-EW诱发的峰值波高为0.17 m,而主频较高的低频的埃尔津地震和中频的曼杜西诺角地震却激发了1.06 m和1.35 m的波高,分别为前者的6.2倍和8倍。由表1可知,虽然芦山53Yjb-EW的主频低,但其PGV仅为0.232 m/s,而埃尔津和曼杜西诺角的PGV却达到0.84 m/s和1.26 m/s,分别为前者的3.6倍和5.4倍。由此可见,PGV对晃荡波高的影响不可忽略,有必要对地震主频和PGV对晃荡波高的影响进一步分析。

    图  5  不同地震载荷下储罐东侧We和北侧Wn处的波高时程曲线
    (a) 芦山53Elk-EW;(b) 芦山53Elk-SN;(c) 芦山53Yjb-EW;(d) 埃尔森特罗-EW;(e) 神户地震;(f) 埃尔津;(g) 北岭-1;(h) 唐山;(i) 康奎特;(j) 埃尔森特罗-SN;(k) 塔夫脱;(l) 曼杜西诺角;(m) 汶川卧龙-EW;(n) 柯依娜-SN;(o) 芦山53Yjb-SN
    Figure  5.  Time histories of wave heights under various seismic excitations
    (a) Lushan53Elk-EW;(b) Lushan53Elk-SN;(c) Lushan53Yjb-EW;(d) El Centro-EW;(e) Kobe;(f) Erzican;(g) Northridge-1;(h) Tangshan;(i) Concrete;(j) El Centro-SN;(k) Taft;(l) Cape Mendocino;(m) WenchuanWolong-EW;(n) Koyna-SN;(o) Lushan53Yjb-SN
    表  2  地震主频、PGV和东侧We处相应的峰值波高
    Table  2.  The dominant frequency and PGV of seismic excitations and corresponding maximum wave heights at east side We of the tank
    地震信号 主频/Hz PGV/(m·s−1 峰值波高/m 地震信号 主频/Hz PGV/(m·s−1 峰值波高/m
    塔夫脱 0.11 1.76 4.15 埃尔森特罗-SN 0.561 0.38 0.484
    神户 0.269 1.27 2.02 汶川卧龙-EW 0.622 0.585 0.26
    芦山53Elk-SN 0.325 0.866 3.574 唐山 0.65 1.584 2.3
    北岭-1 0.353 0.8 1.48 芦山53Yjb-EW 0.658 0.232 0.17
    埃尔津 0.42 0.84 1.06 芦山53Elk-SN 0.841 0.22 0.39
    芦山53Elk-EW 0.425 0.377 0.713 曼杜西诺角 0.868 1.26 1.35
    埃尔森特罗-EW 0.449 0.48 0.664 柯依那-SN 0.87 0.31 0.334
    康奎特 0.49 0.758 0.675
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    峰值波高与地震主频的关系如图6所示。不难发现,峰值波高随地震主频的升高逐渐减小,但也有例外。例如:芦山53Elk-SN地震,其主频接近储液一阶固有频率,共振晃荡引起较大的波高,尽管其PGV仅为塔夫脱地震的一半,但其波高仍接近塔夫脱地震激发的波高;主频较低的埃尔森特罗-SN激发了0.484 m的波高,而主频较高的曼杜西诺角地震和唐山地震却诱发了1.35 m和2.3 m的波高,为前者的2.79倍和4.75倍,主要原因是:尽管曼杜西诺角地震和唐山地震的主频高于埃尔森特罗-SN,但二者的PGV较大,分别是埃尔森特罗-SN的3.32倍和4.17倍。因此,PGV也是影响晃荡的主要因素之一。

    图  6  储罐东侧We处峰值波高与地震主频的关系
    Figure  6.  The relationship between the maximum wave height at east side We of the tank and dominant frequency of earthquake

    储罐东侧We处的峰值波高与PGV的关系如图7所示。整体而言,峰值波高随PGV的增大而上升,二者呈正相关,如具有最大PGV的中频塔夫脱地震,激发的晃荡波最剧烈,波高可达4.15 m。当地震载荷的PGV相近时,主频低的地震诱发的波高较大,如:北岭-1地震与埃尔津地震的PGV相近,分别为0.8 m/s和0.84 m/s,由于二者的主频分别为0.353 Hz和0.563 Hz,差异明显,主频低的北岭-1激发的峰值波高(1.48 m)为埃尔津地震(1.06 m)的1.4倍。尽管神户地震的PGV (1.27 m/s)与曼杜西诺角的PGV (1.26 m/s)相近,二者引起的峰值波高分别为2.02 m和1.35 m,前者为后者的1.5倍,这主要源于其主频差异明显,分别为0.269 Hz和0.868 Hz。

    图  7  储罐东侧We处峰值波高与PGV的关系
    Figure  7.  The relationship between the maximum wave height at the east side We of the tank and PGV

    塔夫脱地震的主频(0.11 Hz)偏离储液的固有频率,塔夫脱地震载荷下部分时刻的自由液面如图8所示,可以看出:液面晃荡幅度大,但未出现波浪破碎、液体飞溅等强非线性行为,形成驻波的波面比较光滑,在40.0 s时刻,爬升至最高处。塔夫脱地震载荷下自由液面的波高相位如图9所示,可见:自由液面位移在载荷方向上变化明显,在非载荷方向上并不显著;在0 s至15 s时段(图9a),Ws处的自由液面位移与We处结果呈线性关系,即正向与负向的振幅几乎一致,储液沿外部载荷方向运动,表现为平面波(Faltinsen et al,2003);在15 s至45 s时段(图9b,c),自由液面呈非线性关系,不对称性加剧,正向振幅接近负向振幅的两倍。

    图  8  塔夫脱地震载荷下的自由液面
    Figure  8.  Free surface snapshots under excitation of Taft earthquake
    图  9  塔夫脱地震载荷下自由液面的波高相位图
    Figure  9.  Phase diagrams of wave heights under excitation of Taft earthquake
    (a) 0—15 s;(b) 15—30 s;(c) 20—45 s

    多数工况符合上述规律,但也存在特例,如芦山53Elk-SN。尽管其PGV在所有地震信号中处于中间值,却激发了较周围工况更为剧烈的晃荡波,主要原因是其主频与储液的一阶固有频率接近且具有较大PGV。部分时刻的自由液面如图10所示,可见:液体在储罐内形成了共振行进波,在第40 s和第43 s时刻形成了波斗较大的波面,最终发生了明显的水跃,造成波高局部增大;第44 s波浪破碎且局部飞溅;随后,爬升的液体落回自由液面,与向左运动的液体一起冲击罐壁,并在第45 s爬升至最高处,波高为3.58 m。该工况包含强非线性的物理现象,如液面翻转、破碎等,增加了流场的随机性(Wu,Chen,2009)。

    图  10  芦山53Elk-SN地震载荷下的自由液面
    Figure  10.  Free surface snapshots under Lushan 53Elk-SN excitation

    以上讨论表明:地震主频也是影响自由液面响应的主因之一,晃荡波高随地震主频的升高逐渐减小,当主频与储液的一阶固有频率相近时,易引起强烈的非线性共振晃荡;峰值波高与PGV呈较强的正相关;最剧烈的工况一般出现在低频且具有较大PGV的地震载荷,在设计储罐时应考虑减晃装置。

    非破碎晃荡波对罐壁产生的水动压分为脉冲压力和对流压力两种模式(薛米安等,2019)。脉冲压力是由地震载荷直接导致的瞬时冲击压力,对流压力与自由液面运动密切相关。图11为峰值水动压沿罐壁面的分布。可见:除芦山53Elk-SN,其它工况基本一致,即峰值水动压从底部到自由液面逐步减小,且增长速率逐渐减缓,极大值总出现在底部。

    图  11  峰值水动压沿罐壁的分布
    Figure  11.  Distributions of peak hydrodynamic pressures along the tank sidewall

    图12为芦山53Elk-SN载荷下罐内水动压部分时刻的分布情况。可见:液体向右侧聚集后出现水跃,从43.2 s到43.4 s,液体裹挟空气抨击罐壁,自由液面附近出现峰值水动压(约为20.1 kPa)。其余工况以对流压力特性为主导。

    图  12  芦山53Elk-SN地震载荷下罐内水动压分布
    Figure  12.  Distributions of hydrodynamic pressures in the tank under Lushan 53Elk-SN excitation

    储罐上、中、下三个测点P6P4P2的水动压频谱特性如图13a和13b所示,可见:P6处出现多个谱峰,最大谱峰值出现在储液一阶固有频率,说明储罐上部水动压为低频的共振对流;P4处的最大谱峰值也出现在储液一阶固有频率,并且次要谱峰也出现在地震主要频率处,表明水动压为对流压力与脉冲压力的组合模式,但以对流压力为主导;P2处水动压的谱峰值与地震主要频率完全一致,表明其为脉冲冲击模式。

      13  储罐内水动压的快速傅里叶分析结果
      13.  Fast Fourier transform results of hydrodynamic pressures in the tank
      13  储罐内水动压的快速傅里叶分析结果
      13.  Fast Fourier transform results of hydrodynamic pressures in the tank

    PGV,PGA与峰值水动压的关系如图14所示,可见:P4P2处的峰值水动压与PGV的关系并不明显,但其与PGA呈明显的线性关系,且PGA较大的地震能激发较高的水动压;峰值水动压在下部(P2点)的增长速率明显大于中部(P4点),说明越靠近底部,水动压的脉冲特性越强,因此在储罐设计时,要充分考虑当地的场地条件(重点关注PGA较大的区域),并适当提高设计指标确保罐壁下部的强度;P6处水动压表现为共振对流模式,同属低频的埃尔津、芦山53Elk-SN及北岭-1地震具有相近的PGV (分别为0.84 m/s,0.866 m/s和0.8 m/s),但埃尔津的主频(0.563 Hz)远离储液一阶固有频率,而芦山53Elk-SN和北岭-1的主频(分别为0.325 Hz和0.353 Hz)更加接近储液一阶固有频率,因此,二者激发的共振晃荡产生的对流压力使得储罐上部(P6点)的水动压远大于非共振时的工况,其峰值分别为前者的2.51倍和3.35倍。上述讨论表明,地震主频是影响储罐上部水动压的主要因素,且其峰值随PGV的增大而上升。

    图  14  各工况下PGV和PGA与峰值水动压的关系
    Figure  14.  The relationships between PGV (or PGA) and peak hydrodynamic pressure for all cases

    本文基于计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用多参考系法对流体晃荡进行数值模拟研究,探究地震载荷下圆柱型储罐内储液的晃荡特性,得出以下结论:

    1) 地震的频率成分可用于表征地震的主周期,与储罐模型共同决定晃荡波的共振模式,能反映出晃荡的共振状态,同时共振模式还受地震主频和PGV的影响。

    2) 自由液面响应以对流为主,随着PGV的增加,波高整体增大,但存在特例,如:北岭-1与埃尔津地震(或神户与曼杜西诺角地震)的PGV相近,前者的主频低,诱发的波高是后者的1.4倍(或1.5倍)。最剧烈的工况为塔夫脱地震,其具有最大的PGV且主频最低。

    3) 水动压表现为脉冲和对流两种模式。上部为对流模式,受地震主频和PGV影响;中部为对流和脉冲的组合模式;下部为脉冲模式,其峰值与PGA呈线性关系。该发现为储罐结构自上而下的整体振动响应设计提供了科学依据,有助于找到降低结构振动响应的工程方案。

    4) 峰值水动压一般出现在罐壁底部,对于波面破碎的工况,峰值水动压则出现在自由液面附近。因此在储罐抗震设计时,应加强罐壁下部的强度,同时兼顾液面附近破碎冲击带来的强冲击。

    本研究给出了极端工况的激发机制,即:地震属于低频且具有强PGV,以及水动力载荷峰值和频谱特性沿储罐壁面的演化规律。后续将针对此类工况下的结构振动分析和流体减晃研究,在液舱内布置刚性或柔性结构,以降低晃荡波高和水动力载荷。

  • 图  1   汤阴地堑地质构造及监测点分布图

    F1:汤西断裂;F2:汤中断裂;F3:汤东断裂;F4:新商断裂;F5:盘古寺断裂;F6:凤凰岭断裂;F7:朱营断裂;F8:薄壁断裂;F9:九里山断裂;F10:百泉断裂,下同。底图引自中国地震局地球物理勘探中心(2016

    Figure  1.   Geological map and sampled points plot of Tangyin graben

    F1:Tangxi fault;F2:Tangzhong fault;F3:Tangdong fault;F4:Xinshang fault;F5:Pangusi fault;F6:Fenghuangling fault; F7:Zhuying fault;F8:Bobi fault;F9:Jiulishan fault;F10:Baiquan fault,the same below. Modified after Geophysical Exploration Center,China Earthquake Administration (2016)

    图  2   汤阴地堑南部的土壤Rn分布Q-Q

    Figure  2.   The Q-Q plots of soil radon concentration in southern Tangyin graben

    图  3   汤阴地堑土壤Rn浓度空间分布

    Figure  3.   The spatial distribution plot of soil radon concentration in Tangyin graben

    图  4   汤阴地堑南部土壤Rn空间等值线及结果解释

    Figure  4.   The contours map of soil Rn concentration and geophysical interpretation for southern Tangyin graben

    图  5   浅层人工地震剖面Ⅱ(a)和Ⅲ(b)解释断点

    Figure  5.   Interpretation of faults located on shallow artificial seismic profiles Ⅱ (a) and Ⅲ (b)

    表  1   汤阴地堑南部土壤Rn浓度分布特征

    Table  1   The soil radon concentration statistical characteristics of southern Tangyin graben

     测点数最大值
    /(kBq·m−3
    最小值
    /(kBq·m−3
    平均值
    /(kBq·m−3
    中值
    /(kBq·m−3
    下四分位
    /(kBq·m−3
    上四分位
    /(kBq·m−3
    标准差
    /(kBq·m−3
    背景值
    /(kBq·m−3
    异常阈值
    /(kBq·m−3
    异常
    衬度
    全部测点38078.543.0928.2727.1519.1035.5612.9627.2248.402.13
    西部测点11167.613.0934.1133.7624.1643.5514.4133.3658.511.92
    东部测点26978.544.8825.8625.1818.2032.6911.5025.4044.592.11
    汤西断裂3658.587.1932.8531.8825.7541.8512.0232.9654.801.72
    汤中断裂4351.917.8826.4324.9319.7830.4111.1326.5946.871.89
    汤东断裂6871.407.1623.2822.5814.3429.1911.8022.3838.642.38
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-04-07
  • 修回日期:  2021-06-06
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-06-26
  • 发布日期:  2022-06-26

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