基于长短时记忆神经网络的中国大陆地区地磁场长期变化预测方法研究

李江, 陈斌

李江,陈斌. 2025. 基于长短时记忆神经网络的中国大陆地区地磁场长期变化预测方法研究. 地震学报,47(3):1−21. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20240013
引用本文: 李江,陈斌. 2025. 基于长短时记忆神经网络的中国大陆地区地磁场长期变化预测方法研究. 地震学报,47(3):1−21. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20240013
Li J,Chen B. 2025. The secular variation prediction method of geomagnetic field in Chinese mainland based on long short-term memory neural network. Acta Seismologica Sinica47(3):1−21. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20240013
Citation: Li J,Chen B. 2025. The secular variation prediction method of geomagnetic field in Chinese mainland based on long short-term memory neural network. Acta Seismologica Sinica47(3):1−21. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20240013

基于长短时记忆神经网络的中国大陆地区地磁场长期变化预测方法研究

基金项目: 中国地震局地球物理研究所基本科研业务费专项(DQJB22B20)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    李江,在读硕士研究生,主要从事于地磁场长期变化分析工作,e-mail:liojam@outlook.com

    通讯作者:

    陈斌,博士,研究员,主要从事于地磁场建模和地震地磁分析工作,e-mail:champion_chb@126.com

  • 中图分类号: P318

The secular variation prediction method of geomagnetic field in Chinese mainland based on long short-term memory neural network

  • 摘要:

    选取中国大陆及邻近地区32个地磁台站地磁场要素即磁偏角D、地磁场水平分量H、垂直分量Z的时均值数据,利用磁静条件筛选并剔除异常值,通过月均值年差分得到主磁场各要素的长期变化序列,然后将深度学习方法应用到地球主磁场长期变化研究中,利用长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)建立了未来一年台站各要素数据的预测模型。预测结果表明:LSTM模型预测的D要素均方根误差(RMSE)、归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)平均值为1.139′和0.040;H分量的RMSE、NRMSE平均值为11.85 nT和0.086;Z分量的RMSE、NRMSE平均值为15.10 nT和0.026,LSTM模型对Z分量的预测精度最高,其次是D要素,最差的是H分量。分别计算由LSTM模型、线性外推、二次外推得到的台站各要素年变率误差,结果显示:对于D要素,LSTM预测结果的RMSE平均值为0.361′/a,较线性外推法提高了54%,较二次外推法提高了59%;对于H分量,LSTM预测结果的RMSE平均值为3.921 nT/a,较线性外推法提高了58%,较二次外推法提高了76%;对于Z分量,LSTM预测结果的RMSE平均值为4.339 nT/a,较线性外推法提高了47%,较二次外推法提高了57%。

    Abstract:

    The geomagnetic field is the result of the superposition of different magnetic substances and their dynamic processes within the Earth, as well as the magnetic field generated by the current systems both inside and outside the Earth. Researching the geomagnetic field is not only crucial for revealing the Earth’s spatial electromagnetic environment, exploring the Earth’s internal structure, and understanding the magnetohydrodynamic dynamics of the Earth’s core, but also plays an extremely important role in monitoring earthquake and volcanic activity, exploring mineral and energy resources, as well as positioning and navigating carrier. The magnetic field of the Earth’s core, also known as the main magnetic field, is widely believed to be generated by the magnetohydrodynamic generator mechanism in the Earth’s core, accounting for over 95% of the total magnetic field. The wavelength of the main magnetic field is relatively long, and its spatial distribution is dominated by dipole fields. The temporal variation shows long-term changes on the scale of hundreds to thousands of years and polarity reversal on the scale of millions of years. The main magnetic field and its secular variation have always been important research topics in geomagnetism.

    Machine learning can extract features from large amounts of data, and can also learn and iterate to discover the data patterns and features we need. As an important branch of machine learning, deep learning learns and mines data features through deep neural networks. Deep learning can handle non-linear data without relying on the spectral characteristics of temporal data, and has good performance. LSTM (long short-term memory) adds a gate mechanism to the traditional RNN (recurrent neural network) structure, which can effectively solve the problems of gradient explosion and vanishing during RNN training. Therefore, LSTM has more complex temporal information memory units and is widely used in temporal data analysis and modeling.

    Thus, we apply deep neural network LSTM to the research of secular variation prediction of geomagnetic field. We select the time averaged data of the horizontal component H, magnetic declination D, and vertical component Z of the geomagnetic field from 32 geomagnetic stations in Chinese mainland and its neighboring regions; use local time conditions and geomagnetic index conditions to select and calculate the daily mean of the time averaged data; further filter the data based on the geomagnetic quiet days published by the World Geomagnetic Data Center, and perform linear fitting on the filtered data to remove outliers and calculate the monthly mean; further obtain the secular variation time-series of the main magnetic field through the annual difference of the monthly mean. Finally, the secular variation time-series of the main magnetic field is input into the LSTM model for training, and the predicted results of the model are compared and analyzed with those of general methods.

    The prediction results shows that for the D element the average RMSE and NRMSE of LSTM are 1.139' and 0.040, for the H element the average RMSE and NRMSE of LSTM are 11.85 nT and 0.086, for the Z element the average RMSE and NRMSE of LSTM are 15.10 nT and 0.026, suggesting the LSTM model has the highest prediction accuracy for Z element, followed by D element, and the worst for H element. There are two main reasons why the model has poor accuracy in predicting H elements. Firstly, during the geomagnetic quiet period, the distribution of Sq current system and equatorial current directly affects the recording of H elements at ground stations, especially in low latitude areas where H elements undergo significant changes. Secondly, the training set has limited sample data and lacks comprehensive secular variation information, resulting in the model which is able to fit well on the training set but has poor prediction accuracy on the testing set. Expanding the sample size of the training set as much as possible can improve this situation.

    We calculate the annual rate error for various elements of the station obtained from LSTM model, linear extrapolation, and quadratic extrapolation. For the D element, the average RMSE of the LSTM prediction results is 0.361'/a, which is 54% higher than linear extrapolation and 59% higher than quadratic extrapolation. For the H element, the average RMSE of the LSTM prediction results is 3.921 nT/a, which is 58% higher than linear extrapolation and 76% higher than quadratic extrapolation. For the Z element, the average RMSE of the LSTM prediction results is 4.339 nT/a, which is 47% higher than linear extrapolation and 57% higher than quadratic extrapolation.

  • 2021年5月21日21时21分至22时31分,云南大理州漾濞县接连发生4次MS≥5.0地震,分别是MS5.6,MS6.4,MS5.0和MS5.2地震(以下简称漾濞地震),其中MS6.4地震打破了2014年10月7日云南景谷MS6.6地震后云南地区长达6年多的M6.0以上地震平静。统计发现,此次漾濞地震震源区为少震区,且地震活动强度不大。震中西北30 km左右的洱源地区1970年以来偶有M5.0地震活动,最大震级为MS5.5。

    漾濞MS5.6地震前,2021年5月18日18时至5月21日21时,漾濞地区接连发生了13次ML3.0—4.9地震和上百次ML3.0以下地震,其中ML4.0—4.9地震3次,最大地震为5月19日20时5分的ML4.5地震。根据震群的定义(国家地震局科技监测司,1990),此次地震序列已然构成震群(以下简称漾濞震群)。同时,漾濞震群尚在持续活动时发生了漾濞4次MS≥5.0地震。与以往漾濞地区地震活动特征对比可知,此次漾濞震群较以往震级明显偏大、频度明显偏高,1970年以来该地区尚无类似强度和频度的小震震群活动,表明震源区及附近区域地壳介质应力水平较以往偏高。从统计分析的角度看,根据漾濞地区的历史地震活动水平,很难判定漾濞震群后区域地震危险性如何,也很难预测漾濞震群后漾濞将发生4次MS≥5.0地震。本文拟通过分析漾濞4次MS≥5.0地震前后的b值变化,重新认识漾濞震群与漾濞地震的关系。

    古登堡—里克特关系式(Gutenberg,Richter,1944)中的b值具有较明确的物理含义。多数岩石破裂实验表明b值代表了介质内部应力水平的高低,并随应力增加而下降(Scholz,1968张智等,1987曾正文等,1995刘力强等,2001Amitrano,2003李小军等,2010),即b值与应力水平呈反比(Wyss,1973Urbancic et al,1992Schorlemmer,2004)。许多震例研究表明强震前b值出现下降变化(马鸿庆,1978Wiemer,Wyss,1997Wyss et al,2004王辉等,2012易桂喜等,2014邵延秀等,2015史海霞等,2018张帆等,2018韩佳东等,2019曾宪伟等,20202021),因此,b值作为监视破坏性地震孕育过程的一种手段,可以反映一个地区承受平均应力和接近岩石破裂强度极限的程度(李全林等,1976)。这一认识与大多数实验及观测结果相符。

    本文拟利用漾濞地震震源区及其附近地区2015年以来记录的小震资料,通过分析2021年漾濞4次MS≥5.0地震前后b值的时空变化特征,研究漾濞震群的前震意义,探讨震源区的应力变化过程。

    本文以2021年5月21日漾濞地震震源区及其附近区域为研究区(图1),选取2015年1月1日至2021年6月4日的地震资料,开展震前与震后b值空间变化的分析研究。该时段地震的震相报告通过全国统一编目系统(中国地震台网中心,2020)获得,其中2015年1月至2021年3月震相报告为全国台网正式观测报告,2021年4月以来为云南台网快报观测报告。

    图  1  2015年1月1日至2021年6月4日研究区震中分布
    Figure  1.  Distribution of epicenters from January 1,2015 to June 4,2021 in the studied area

    2015年至2021年漾濞地震前,研究区主要以小震活动为主(图12),仅于2016年5月18日和2017年3月27日发生过云龙MS5.0地震和漾濞MS5.2地震。从历史地震活动情况看,漾濞地区鲜有M5.0以上地震发生,此次漾濞地震的强度和频次均打破了以往对该地区中强地震活动的认识。在保证研究区完备震级的条件下(最小完整性震级McML1.5,具体分析见2.2节),选取截止震级Mcut-offML1.5绘制地震密度分布图(图3)。图3为2.3节b值空间扫描计算时同步绘制的图像,研究区网格划分为0.01°×0.01°,每个节点的地震密度为搜索区域内每平方千米的地震次数N。从研究区地震分布密度看,M5.0以上地震震中区为小震密度最大的地区(图3)。

    图  2  研究区ML≥0.0地震M-t图(a)和震级频次图(b)
    Figure  2.  M-t (a) and magnitude-frequency (b) diagrams of the ML≥0.0 earthquakes from January 1,2015 to June 4,2021 in the studied area
    图  3  研究区ML≥1.5地震密度分布图
    Figure  3.  Distribution of seismic density with ML≥1.5 for the studied area

    最小完整性震级Mc的大小与测震台站的分布密度相关,故Mc往往存在区域差异。研究区Mc分布结果显示(图4),研究区中北部云龙以东地区McML1.0左右,中南部漾濞地震附近区域McML1.8左右,其它地区Mc基本介于ML1.2—1.4,故研究区Mc基本介于ML1.0—1.8。

    图  4  研究区最小完整性震级Mc的空间分布
    Figure  4.  Spatial distribution of minimum complete magnitude Mc

    进行b值空间扫描时,参数设置一般采用固定搜索半径或固定计算样本量的方式。前者适合于地震密度较高且分布较均匀的区域,若地震稀疏则样本量不足将导致无法计算b值;后者根据地震分布密度调整每个节点的搜索半径,适合地震分布不均匀的地区。本文采用固定计算样本量的设置方式,将研究区划分为0.01°×0.01°的网格,每个节点的地震次数固定为100,并满足大于最小完整性震级Mc的地震次数至少为20,分析b值空间扫描的所有节点搜索半径占比(图5),图5显示80%以上的节点搜索半径在5—17 km。因此,大部分地区未出现因搜索半径过大而降低b值空间分辨率的情况,说明b值扫描参数的设置是合适的。

    图  5  b值空间扫描时不同扫描半径所占节点数的比例
    Figure  5.  Proportion of nodes with different search during b value space scanning

    为了得到更可靠的b值空间分析结果,本文对研究区的地震进行重新定位,地壳速度结构取自王帅军等(2015)的深地震探测研究结果。首先利用Hyp2000定位方法(Klein,2007)对研究区内的地震进行绝对定位,再利用双差定位法(Waldhauser,Ellsworth,2000)进行相对定位。由于双差定位后往往会造成部分地震丢失,为了满足b值计算的需要,本文采用将双差定位地震与Hyp2000定位地震进行合并的方法(曾宪伟等,2021)以保证地震目录的完整性。重新定位的地震共计6 097次,其中ML0.0—0.9地震1 193次,ML1.0—1.9地震3 746次,ML2.0—2.9地震958次,ML3.0—3.9地震164次,ML4.0—4.9地震29次,ML5.0—5.9地震6次,ML6.0地震1次。重定位误差结果显示,双差定位水平向和垂直向误差均小于0.1 km (相对震群矩心的相对误差)的地震占98%以上,Hyp2000定位水平向误差均值为1.8 km,垂直向误差均值为2.3 km。两种方法重新定位后的地震震源更加精确,基础数据更加可靠,b值计算的可靠性得到保证。

    研究表明,低b值阈值大小与震源深度(Mori,Abercrombie,1997)以及震源机制类型(Schorlemmer et al,2005)有关。因此,不同构造区往往低b值阈值的大小不同(王辉等,2012易桂喜等,2014邵延秀等,2015张帆等,2018韩佳东等,2019)。为了确定研究区低b值的阈值大小,首先需要计算研究区背景b值的大小。本文选取2015年以来收集到的研究区的全部地震资料,利用极大似然法(Utsu,1966Woessner,Wiemer,2005)计算区域平均b值及其标准差,以此作为研究区的背景b值。

    首先需要分析b值计算时截止震级Mcut-offb值的影响。图6显示,当Mcut-offML1.4时,b值标准差随Mcut-off的增大而减小,b值计算结果浮动范围较大;当ML1.5≤Mcut-offML1.9时,b值标准差最小,且b值计算结果稳定;当Mcut-offML2.0时,b值标准差随Mcut-off的增大而增大,b值计算结果存在起伏。因此,计算b值时取ML1.5≤Mcut-offML1.9是合适的。震级-频度曲线(图7)的拟合结果显示,最小完整性震级McML1.5,与b值计算结果稳定时的截止震级吻合,此时研究区b值及其标准差分别为0.65和0.04,b值大小可表示为0.65±0.04。本文将0.65作为低b值异常的阈值。

    图  6  b值及标准差随截止震级的变化
    Figure  6.  b-value and its standard deviation changes with cut-off magnitude
    图  7  研究区地震震级-频度关系曲线(2015年1月1日—2021年6月4日)
    Figure  7.  Magnitude-frequency curve of earth-quakes from January 1,2015 to June 4,2021 in the studied area

    2021年5月18日至5月21日21时,漾濞地区发生震群活动,其中ML3.0—3.9地震10次,ML4.0—4.9地震3次,ML3.0以下地震上百次。本文以此次震群活动时间为依据,对比分析2015年1月1日至2021年5月17日(A时段)、2015年1月1日至2021年5月21日21时(B时段)和2015年1月1日至2021年6月4日(C时段)三个时段的b值空间变化,即分别对应漾濞震群前、漾濞震群后漾濞地震前和全时段的b值空间分布。

    进行b值空间扫描时,按照1.3节的参数设置,利用极大似然法计算每个节点的b值,分别绘制以上三个时段的b值平面分布图(图8),以及B时段相对A时段及C时段相对B时段的b值变化分布图(图9),即漾濞震群前后和漾濞地震前后的b值变化。结果显示:① 低b值区基本处于地震分布较密集的地区(图3图8图9),这些区域搜索半径偏小,b值空间分辨率较高;② A时段漾濞震群前,漾濞地震震源区b值偏高(图8a),漾濞地震西北出现两处低b值异常区,分别发生过2016年5月18日云龙MS5.0地震和2017年3月27日漾濞MS5.1地震,文后将对这两次地震与低b值异常的关系作具体分析;③ B时段漾濞震群后漾濞地震前,漾濞地震震源区出现明显的低b值异常(图8b),b值在3天内快速下降(图9a),可能预示着局部地壳介质强度接近临界状态,区域孕震过程出现临震信号,这一认识与岩石破裂试验结果相符(Scholz,1968张智等,1987曾正文等,1995刘力强等,2001Amitrano,2003李小军等,2010);④ C时段漾濞地震后,震源区低b值异常减弱(图8c),相比B时段震源区b值明显回升(图9b),这与区域应力释放、地震危险性降低相吻合。同时震源区小范围低b值异常依旧存在(图8c),显示余震可能持续,但震级不大。另外,还需关注震源区周围出现零星小范围b值下降现象(图9b),应与局部应力调整有关,b值下降区可能出现一些小震活动。

    图  8  研究区不同时段b值空间分布
    Figure  8.  Spatial distribution of b-value in different periods in the studied area
    ① 2016-05-18 00:48 MS5.0;② 2017-03-27 07:55 MS5.2;③ 2021-05-21 21:21 MS5.6; ④ 2021-05-21 21:48 MS6.4;⑤ 2021-05-21 21:55 MS5.0;⑥ 2021-05-21 22:31 MS5.2 (a) 2015-01-01—2021-05-17;(b) 2015-01-01—2021-05-21 21:00;(c) 2015-01-01—2021-06-04
    图  9  研究区b值空间变化图(数字编号代表的地震与图8相同,下同)
    Figure  9.  Spatial distribution of b-value variation (The numbers present the same earthquakes as in Fig. 8
    (a) 2015-01-01—2021-05-21 21:00 vs 2015-01-01—2021-05-17; (b) 2015-01-01—2021-06-04 vs 2015-01-01—2021-05-21 21:00

    漾濞地震前后b值变化特征再次表明,将b值平面分布图(低b值异常区预示高应力积累区)和变化图(b值快速下降区预示强震危险)结合起来,可作为一种区域地震危险性判定的可行方法(曾宪伟等,2020)。

    选取B时段(2015-01-01—2021-05-21 21:00)的地震资料,沿图1中地震展布方向绘制NW向震源深度剖面(图10a),并将深度剖面划分为1 km×1 km的网格,b值扫描参数设置同2.3节,计算得到b值剖面分布图(图10b)。结果显示:① MS5.0以上地震基本发生在低b值异常区的边缘或内部,尤其是漾濞4次MS≥5.0地震(图10b中③④⑤⑥)均沿低b值异常区的边缘分布;② 低b值异常区深度基本在15 km以浅,且异常区分布对中强地震的震源位置具有指示意义;③ 漾濞震群发生后,b值剖面西部出现20 km×20 km的低b值异常区。漾濞MS6.4地震震源机制为右旋走滑机制(中国地震局地球物理研究所,2021),可采用华北地区走滑型地震的震级与震源破裂长度的关系式MS=1.86lgL+3.821以及震级与震源破裂面积的关系式MS=0.954lgA+4.134估算震级大小(龙锋等,2006),将长度L=20 km和面积A=20 km×20 km分别代入以上两式,估算震级分别为MS6.2和MS6.6,与实际发生震级MS6.4基本吻合;④ b值剖面中部存在一个长约35 km的低b值异常区,该区域曾发生2017年3月27日漾濞MS5.2地震,但低b值异常尚不能完全与漾濞MS5.2地震相对应。原因有两个方面:一是MS5.2地震前震中附近出现低b值异常区(图11b),而震后直至2021年6月低b值异常仍在持续,且异常区较大,显示局部应力水平一直偏高(图710);二是将低b值异常区长度L=35 km和面积A=35 km×15 km (图10)分别代入以上震级与震源破裂长度和震级与震源破裂面积的关系式,估算震级均为MS6.7。因此,漾濞西北40 km处未来存在发生强震的风险,且震源深度应在15 km以浅;⑤ b值剖面西部存在一个长约15 km的低b值异常区,该区域曾发生2016年5月18日云龙MS5.0地震,同样低b值异常也不能完全对应云龙MS5.0地震。分析认为:一是MS5.0地震前震中附近未出现低b值异常(图11a),而低b值异常出现在震后(图71011);二是将低b值异常区长度L=15 km和面积A=15 km×18 km (图10)分别代入上文两个关系式,估算震级分别为MS6.0和MS6.4。因此,漾濞西北70 km处未来存在发生6级左右地震的风险,且震源深度应在20 km以浅。

    图  10  沿断裂方向的地震深度剖面图(a)和b值剖面分布图(b)(地震资料时段为2015-01-01—2021-05-21 21:00)
    Figure  10.  Depth profile (a) and b-value profile (b) along the fault (The seismic data is recorded from January 1,2015 to 21:00,May 21,2021)
    图  11  研究区②号地震前(a)与①号地震前(b)的b值空间分布
    Figure  11.  Spatial distribution of b-value before earthquake ② (a) and earthquake ① (b) in the studied area
    (a) 2015-01-01—2016-05-17;(b) 2015-01-01—2017-03-26

    研究表明,低速体与高速介质的同时存在有利于应力集中而孕育地震(滕吉文,2010)。诸多震例分析也印证了地震往往发生于高速区与低速区的过渡带(Lees,Malin,1990孙若昧,刘福田,1995王椿镛等,2002陈九辉等,2005曾宪伟等,20142017)。贾佳(2020)利用双差层析成像法研究了洱源—漾濞地区0.25°×0.25°网格和0.15°×0.15°网格的三维P波速度精细结构。前者沿断裂方向(NW向)的P波速度结构剖面结果显示,12—20 km深度存在低速体,且低速体范围较广,在100 km左右;后者沿断裂方向(NW向)的P波速度结构剖面结果显示,在14—20 km深度存在两处显著的低速异常体,2017年3月27日漾濞MS5.2地震和2021年漾濞地震震源位置与这两处低速体位置吻合。由此可见,研究区存在低速异常体为中强地震孕育提供了介质条件,意味着该区域20 km以浅未来存在发生中强地震的危险。这一认识与前文基于b值剖面的地震危险性分析得到的结论是一致的。

    本文选取2015年1月1日至2021年6月4日漾濞地震震源区及其附近区域记录到的地震资料,利用极大似然法计算了研究区b值的背景大小为0.65±0.04,并将0.65作为低b值异常的阈值。然后分析了漾濞震群前、漾濞震群后漾濞地震前和全时段三个不同时段的b值空间分布特征,以及漾濞震群前后和漾濞地震前后的b值空间变化特征,主要得到以下认识:

    1) 漾濞震群发生后,震源区出现b值快速下降,可能预示着局部地壳介质强度接近临界状态。漾濞地震发生后,震源区b值明显回升,与区域应力释放、地震危险性降低相吻合。同时,震源区依旧存在小范围低b值异常,应与余震持续活动有关,但震级不大。震源区周围出现零星小范围b值下降现象,推测与局部应力调整有关。漾濞地震前后b值变化特征分析结果再次证明,综合分析b值平面分布图和变化图可作为一种区域地震危险性判定的有效方法。

    2) 漾濞震群发生后,漾濞4次MS≥5.0地震均沿剖面低b值异常区的边缘分布,反映了低b值异常区的分布对中强地震的震源位置具有一定的指示意义。根据剖面低b值异常区的尺度以及震级与震源破裂长度和震级与震源破裂面积的经验关系式,推测漾濞地震震源区孕震震级为MS6.2和MS6.6,与实际发生震级MS6.4基本吻合,推测漾濞地震西北40 km和70 km处未来存在发生中强地震的风险,且震源深度应在15—20 km以浅。

    本文的b值计算和绘图程序来自zmap程序包(Wiemer,2001),审稿专家提出了富有建设性的意见和建议,作者在此一并表示感谢。

  • 图  1   LSTM网络结构图

    Figure  1.   The structure diagram of LSTM network

    图  2   基于LSTM构建的网络结构

    Figure  2.   Network structure based on LSTM

    图  3   本文研究所用的地磁台站位置分布

    地形图来自于Natural Earth提供的公共地图数据集

    Figure  3.   Location of geomagnetic observatories used in this paper

    Relief map is available from Natural Earth public domain map dataset

    图  4   数据处理流程图

    Figure  4.   Data processing flowchart

    图  5   损失函数变化

    Figure  5.   Change of the loss function

    图  6   LSTM模型在D (左) ,H (中),Z (右)要素的模型值与相应的台站观测值对比

    图中蓝实线是台站的观测值,绿实线是基于地磁台站观测值提取的长期变化,红实线是LSTM模型在训练集上的拟合值,红虚线是LSTM模型在测试集上的预测值(a) MZL台;(b) COM台;(c) QIX台;(d) QGZ台;(e) WMQ台;(f) KSH台;(g) KAK台

    Figure  6.   Comparison of LSTM model values for elements D (left),H (middle) and Z (right) with corresponding station observations

    The blue solid line represents the station observation,the green solid line represents the secular variation extracted from the observations of the geomagnetic station,the red solid line represents the fitted value of the LSTM model on the training set,and the red dashed line represents the predicted value of the LSTM model on the validation set (a) MZL station;(b) COM station;(c) QIX station;(d) QGZ station;(e) WMQ station;(f) KSH station;(g) KAK station

    图  7   由LSTM、线性外推、二次外推法得到的D (左),H (中)和Z(右)要素年变率

    图中蓝线表示由原始数据计算的年变率,红线表示由LSTM模型计算的年变率,绿线表示由线性外推计算的年变率,黄线表示由二次外推计算的年变率(a) MZL台;(b) COM台;(c) QIX台;(d) QGZ台;(e) WMQ台;(f) KSH台;(g) KAK台

    Figure  7.   Annual variation rates of the elements D (left),H (middle) and Z (right) obtained from LSTM,Liner extrapolation and Quadratic extrapolation

    The blue line represents the annual variation rates calculated from the original data,the red line represents the annual variation rates calculated from the LSTM model,the green line represents the annual variation rates calculated from the linear extrapolation,and the yellow line represents the annual variation rates calculated from the Quadratic extrapolation (a) MZL station;(b) COM station;(c) QIX station;(d) QGZ station;(e) WMQ station;(f) KSH station;(g) KAK station

    表  1   LSTM模型在各台站的预测精度

    Table  1   Prediction accuracy of LSTM model at each stations

    D H/nT Z/nT
    MAE RMSE NRMSE R2 MAE RMSE NRMSE R2 MAE RMSE NRMSE R2
    CDP 0.615 0.837 0.037 0.991 15.265 17.04 0.039 0.927 9.66 10.28 0.012 0.999
    CHL 0.983 1.072 0.030 0.994 11.45 13.14 0.074 0.959 5.82 6.51 0.038 0.998
    CNH 1.254 1.362 0.037 0.988 15.58 16.83 0.072 0.873 7.91 9.10 0.026 0.992
    COM 0.578 0.649 0.009 0.998 0.96 1.94 0.016 0.994 13.523 13.80 0.008 0.995
    DED 0.386 0.452 0.014 0.999 6.34 7.17 0.024 0.989 3.90 4.85 0.052 0.996
    DLG 0.516 0.551 0.018 0.998 10.587 11.41 0.073 0.959 11.293 12.56 0.024 0.993
    GLM 1.438 1.683 0.121 0.929 8.31 10.05 0.040 0.985 12.933 14.27 0.014 0.998
    GZH 2.640 2.776 0.022 0.930 10.03 10.81 0.084 0.569 8.51 10.92 0.022 0.998
    JIH 0.823 0.901 0.026 0.996 11.086 12.83 0.043 0.968 4.56 7.03 0.019 0.998
    JYG 0.670 0.772 0.036 0.993 10.112 11.17 0.042 0.989 6.91 8.49 0.014 0.999
    KSH 0.229 0.277 0.023 0.998 3.01 4.01 0.024 0.995 9.53 11.27 0.013 0.998
    LSA 0.857 0.920 0.158 0.897 4.27 5.56 0.022 0.886 39.15 43.80 0.019 0.979
    LYH 0.591 0.681 0.032 0.998 11.912 13.32 0.065 0.966 12.787 13.26 0.029 0.996
    LZH 1.347 1.513 0.057 0.975 7.88 9.33 0.047 0.985 14.20 21.60 0.025 0.991
    MCH 1.004 1.248 0.030 0.991 12.940 13.89 0.041 0.906 16.467 17.87 0.033 0.993
    MZL 0.430 0.504 0.028 0.995 9.12 9.82 0.052 0.987 7.39 8.12 0.023 0.991
    QGZ 0.669 0.701 0.019 0.995 6.89 7.17 0.028 0.836 7.75 8.55 0.008 0.999
    QIX 0.282 0.307 0.006 0.999 2.94 3.27 0.012 0.998 9.12 10.51 0.016 0.998
    QZH 0.793 1.211 0.037 0.992 12.682 15.64 0.130 0.030 17.004 19.28 0.028 0.992
    SYG 1.058 1.270 0.024 0.983 14.713 17.09 0.108 0.362 15.319 16.90 0.033 0.996
    TAA 0.919 1.189 0.024 0.992 16.291 19.53 0.069 0.892 14.583 16.23 0.039 0.992
    TAY 1.552 1.729 0.040 0.981 12.059 14.67 0.066 0.965 4.53 5.69 0.024 0.999
    THJ 0.572 0.635 0.038 0.990 8.05 9.03 0.070 0.902 19.547 21.42 0.020 0.995
    TSY 1.078 1.216 0.030 0.988 10.249 12.19 0.034 0.965 4.79 6.01 0.014 0.999
    WHN 1.337 1.437 0.045 0.985 13.02 15.39 0.057 0.801 13.64 14.02 0.021 0.996
    WMQ 0.899 0.982 0.086 0.926 10.67 12.09 0.018 0.987 28.81 30.12 0.015 0.985
    XIC 0.577 0.674 0.048 0.990 4.11 5.11 0.023 0.988 9.72 16.31 0.020 0.997
    YON 0.892 1.256 0.047 0.980 6.01 6.66 0.911 0.880 16.822 20.06 0.015 0.995
    IRT 2.674 3.062 0.076 0.979 24.03 27.84 0.038 0.977 17.46 19.39 0.059 0.974
    KAK 0.795 1.090 0.043 0.994 13.38 15.66 0.191 0.906 11.17 12.07 0.013 0.994
    KNY 2.590 2.713 0.014 0.981 11.39 12.47 0.113 0.864 19.31 20.18 0.015 0.989
    GUA 0.588 0.784 0.025 0.997 14.88 17.15 0.123 0.962 27.01 32.68 0.118 0.885
    注:RMSE为均方根误差,MAE为平均绝对误差,NRMSE为归一化均方根误差,R2为决定系数,下同。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   LSTM模型预测精度汇总

    Table  2   Summary for prediction accuracy of LSTM model

    D/(´) H/(nT) Z/(nT)
    MAE RMSE NRMSE R2 MAE RMSE NRMSE R2 MAE RMSE NRMSE R2
    Min 0.229 0.277 0.006 0.897 0.96 1.94 0.012 0.030 3.90 4.85 0.008 0.885
    Max 2.674 3.062 0.158 0.999 24.03 27.84 0.911 0.998 39.15 43.80 0.118 0.999
    Mean 0.989 1.139 0.040 0.982 10.32 11.85 0.086 0.883 13.16 15.10 0.026 0.991
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   LSTM模型、线性外推、二次外推预测的D,H,Z要素年变率精度

    Table  3   The accuracy of annual rate for D,H,and Z elements predicted by LSTM model,liner extrapolation and quadratic extrapolation

    台站 D年变/(′⋅a−1 H年变/(nT⋅a−1 Z年变/(nT⋅a−1
    方法 MAE RMSE NRMSE $ {R}^{2} $ MAE RMSE NRMSE $ {R}^{2} $ MAE RMSE NRMSE $ {R}^{2} $
    CDP LSTM 0.222 0.288 0.195 0.942 4.545 5.545 0.424 0.785 2.674 3.368 0.140 0.981
    线性外推 0.398 0.512 0.327 0.817 6.598 9.445 0.632 0.375 5.109 6.306 0.242 0.933
    二次外推 0.354 0.475 0.354 0.843 14.88 18.814 0.885 −1.481 4.662 5.924 0.231 0.941
    CHL LSTM 0.352 0.453 0.300 0.909 3.830 4.680 0.369 0.812 3.082 3.854 0.170 0.972
    线性外推 0.660 0.895 0.506 0.645 5.492 6.839 0.508 0.600 4.543 5.908 0.232 0.934
    二次外推 0.567 0.694 0.407 0.786 13.87 16.380 0.907 −1.297 8.046 10.042 0.402 0.809
    CNH LSTM 0.337 0.502 0.318 0.884 3.576 4.534 0.358 0.859 3.128 4.152 0.206 0.957
    线性外推 0.484 0.571 0.351 0.850 6.844 8.162 0.567 0.543 5.367 7.277 0.321 0.869
    二次外推 0.672 1.156 0.619 0.384 12.81 15.556 0.821 −0.661 8.741 11.486 0.501 0.674
    COM LSTM 0.151 0.197 0.124 0.984 0.894 1.837 0.181 0.959 1.615 2.782 0.102 0.988
    线性外推 0.533 0.724 0.427 0.784 6.185 8.400 0.747 0.137 5.580 8.318 0.289 0.895
    二次外推 0.516 0.638 0.388 0.832 11.92 14.526 0.936 −1.580 8.189 10.196 0.381 0.842
    DED LSTM 0.219 0.305 0.210 0.954 2.066 2.549 0.172 0.966 2.749 3.516 0.217 0.954
    线性外推 0.496 0.673 0.453 0.776 7.208 9.438 0.571 0.532 6.354 7.890 0.433 0.767
    二次外推 0.890 1.148 0.685 0.349 12.10 14.817 0.761 −0.152 7.203 9.696 0.532 0.648
    DLG LSTM 0.271 0.360 0.263 0.927 3.359 4.222 0.406 0.822 2.519 2.977 0.120 0.984
    线性外推 0.496 0.676 0.448 0.743 5.587 6.965 0.555 0.516 5.463 7.079 0.272 0.909
    二次外推 0.557 0.708 0.485 0.718 11.94 14.201 0.933 −1.011 6.792 8.964 0.356 0.853
    GLM LSTM 0.501 0.656 0.422 0.807 3.091 3.631 0.318 0.837 3.110 3.993 0.176 0.969
    线性外推 0.937 1.251 0.656 0.298 6.170 7.929 0.706 0.225 7.064 9.033 0.371 0.840
    二次外推 0.944 1.201 0.679 0.353 14.41 17.390 1.028 −2.730 9.053 11.905 0.464 0.721
    GZH LSTM 0.157 0.214 0.095 0.989 3.384 4.040 0.418 0.788 4.419 5.723 0.225 0.948
    线性外推 0.266 0.416 0.187 0.958 5.803 7.141 0.626 0.337 8.291 12.332 0.447 0.760
    二次外推 0.564 0.791 0.351 0.848 10.41 12.718 0.900 −1.102 10.125 14.212 0.501 0.681
    JIH LSTM 0.216 0.303 0.224 0.947 2.725 3.395 0.305 0.900 2.274 3.333 0.141 0.981
    线性外推 0.333 0.453 0.297 0.882 4.721 6.028 0.467 0.686 3.808 5.087 0.190 0.955
    二次外推 0.544 0.671 0.471 0.741 12.91 15.893 0.879 −1.183 5.848 6.873 0.273 0.917
    JYG LSTM 0.165 0.241 0.134 0.972 2.925 3.674 0.345 0.866 3.915 5.155 0.204 0.959
    线性外推 0.768 0.984 0.533 0.537 7.782 10.522 0.767 −0.100 9.179 12.754 0.456 0.748
    二次外推 0.618 0.780 0.442 0.709 11.04 13.002 0.731 −0.679 10.725 12.683 0.460 0.751
    KSH LSTM 0.141 0.167 0.168 0.973 2.200 2.831 0.287 0.884 3.743 4.412 0.193 0.958
    线性外推 0.972 1.657 1.110 −1.65 10.56 15.045 1.184 −2.276 8.898 11.765 0.486 0.701
    二次外推 1.144 1.556 0.869 −1.34 13.10 15.314 0.878 −2.394 6.125 7.716 0.323 0.871
    LSA LSTM 0.255 0.350 0.315 0.876 2.390 3.942 0.322 0.897 5.106 6.289 0.189 0.959
    线性外推 0.578 0.768 0.598 0.405 8.991 11.874 0.759 0.063 8.145 10.640 0.319 0.883
    二次外推 0.482 0.624 0.527 0.607 16.05 23.492 0.935 −2.667 6.962 8.610 0.264 0.923
    LYH LSTM 0.490 0.659 0.490 0.718 3.755 4.766 0.406 0.811 2.603 3.202 0.132 0.983
    线性外推 0.683 0.936 0.619 0.430 5.225 6.410 0.470 0.657 4.994 6.933 0.259 0.921
    二次外推 1.019 1.635 0.841 −0.74 17.16 21.387 1.041 −2.816 5.337 6.504 0.248 0.930
    LZH LSTM 0.411 0.536 0.336 0.837 3.988 4.797 0.420 0.774 2.785 4.536 0.176 0.951
    线性外推 0.815 1.198 0.698 0.186 8.578 12.882 0.945 −0.627 5.358 7.398 0.328 0.871
    二次外推 0.862 1.165 0.700 0.230 15.27 22.319 0.871 −3.883 10.247 13.422 0.562 0.575
    MCH LSTM 0.261 0.340 0.246 0.920 2.495 3.633 0.291 0.892 4.396 5.115 0.199 0.962
    线性外推 0.734 1.075 0.737 0.200 7.035 9.009 0.623 0.336 7.389 9.072 0.323 0.879
    二次外推 0.692 0.853 0.579 0.496 18.39 21.430 0.989 −2.755 9.028 11.092 0.398 0.819
    MZL LSTM 0.194 0.253 0.161 0.973 3.025 4.173 0.284 0.921 1.915 2.219 0.119 0.982
    线性外推 0.563 0.710 0.398 0.791 5.268 6.800 0.400 0.791 5.328 6.679 0.365 0.832
    二次外推 0.624 0.786 0.435 0.744 12.41 16.565 0.797 −0.242 6.961 8.457 0.449 0.731
    QGZ LSTM 0.114 0.165 0.126 0.969 2.116 2.858 0.316 0.896 2.863 4.121 0.159 0.974
    线性外推 0.582 0.766 0.656 0.326 8.834 11.160 0.949 −0.586 6.213 7.912 0.284 0.905
    二次外推 0.734 0.893 0.603 0.085 14.86 18.402 1.081 −3.311 8.916 11.902 0.428 0.785
    QIX LSTM 0.077 0.145 0.110 0.985 0.816 0.975 0.071 0.991 2.753 3.986 0.161 0.975
    线性外推 0.459 0.563 0.368 0.779 7.115 8.569 0.673 0.306 4.923 6.140 0.229 0.940
    二次外推 0.513 0.735 0.484 0.623 13.97 17.477 0.980 −1.885 8.186 10.228 0.380 0.833
    QZH LSTM 0.228 0.368 0.214 0.916 3.793 5.074 0.506 0.734 4.675 5.604 0.222 0.950
    线性外推 0.657 0.910 0.608 0.485 7.955 9.824 0.764 0.002 4.997 6.433 0.233 0.935
    二次外推 0.620 0.792 0.503 0.610 15.60 19.366 1.025 −2.877 6.195 8.256 0.309 0.892
    SYG LSTM 0.246 0.351 0.324 0.885 3.743 5.301 0.374 0.801 4.216 5.357 0.189 0.964
    线性外推 0.438 0.602 0.449 0.660 11.89 17.502 1.079 −1.164 5.255 6.877 0.223 0.941
    二次外推 0.624 0.772 0.576 0.442 16.81 19.542 1.052 −1.697 6.784 9.348 0.312 0.891
    TAA LSTM 0.276 0.357 0.279 0.913 4.464 5.181 0.494 0.766 4.029 4.650 0.192 0.963
    线性外推 0.487 0.703 0.489 0.663 7.638 9.009 0.671 0.293 6.313 8.079 0.306 0.889
    二次外推 0.467 0.591 0.435 0.762 12.19 14.390 0.814 −0.803 6.354 9.361 0.360 0.851
    TAY LSTM 0.575 0.774 0.494 0.646 4.511 5.512 0.436 0.775 3.337 4.486 0.198 0.962
    线性外推 0.954 1.328 0.740 −0.04 9.085 11.003 0.750 0.103 6.555 8.597 0.345 0.860
    二次外推 1.517 1.980 0.945 −1.31 18.75 28.224 1.098 −4.902 6.905 8.272 0.336 0.871
    THJ LSTM 0.174 0.207 0.164 0.958 3.185 4.323 0.419 0.830 3.677 4.883 0.214 0.954
    线性外推 0.342 0.449 0.341 0.805 6.149 7.727 0.577 0.457 4.817 6.475 0.262 0.920
    二次外推 0.307 0.368 0.329 0.868 12.07 14.113 0.824 −0.811 5.103 6.332 0.263 0.923
    TSY LSTM 0.283 0.353 0.254 0.923 5.178 6.948 0.691 0.498 3.513 4.464 0.188 0.965
    线性外推 0.634 0.815 0.519 0.591 10.36 14.890 1.057 −1.308 5.861 8.257 0.325 0.880
    二次外推 0.544 0.740 0.500 0.662 13.63 16.474 1.058 −1.825 6.355 7.402 0.297 0.904
    WHN LSTM 0.192 0.326 0.199 0.929 3.269 4.208 0.393 0.801 4.148 5.250 0.215 0.947
    线性外涂 0.556 0.767 0.540 0.605 5.735 7.552 0.607 0.360 8.213 14.070 0.532 0.621
    二次外推 0.641 0.827 0.528 0.541 9.705 12.099 0.842 −0.642 9.227 13.362 0.481 0.658
    WMQ LSTM 0.347 0.466 0.390 0.817 1.504 2.034 0.154 0.974 3.802 4.501 0.169 0.970
    线性外推 0.659 1.002 0.711 0.153 6.708 8.291 0.577 0.576 7.164 8.661 0.303 0.890
    二次外推 0.738 1.091 0.790 −0.004 8.861 11.928 0.664 0.123 9.198 12.274 0.418 0.779
    XIC LSTM 0.268 0.316 0.248 0.909 1.979 2.509 0.172 0.969 4.144 5.646 0.190 0.958
    线性外推 0.572 0.799 0.591 0.420 8.932 12.246 0.647 0.272 8.479 11.392 0.369 0.830
    二次外推 0.663 0.885 0.560 0.290 19.14 24.864 0.887 −2.003 12.220 16.116 0.470 0.660
    YON LSTM 0.245 0.331 0.322 0.851 1.917 2.467 0.180 0.952 2.767 3.911 0.158 0.975
    线性外推 0.420 0.527 0.489 0.622 6.527 8.712 0.603 0.407 4.585 6.065 0.222 0.940
    二次外推 0.502 0.745 0.636 0.246 11.47 13.378 0.775 −0.398 6.459 7.450 0.286 0.909
    IRT LSTM 0.532 0.796 0.260 0.914 3.619 4.408 0.214 0.950 3.774 5.111 0.218 0.949
    线性外推 0.750 1.001 0.341 0.865 5.788 7.471 0.351 0.856 7.499 10.957 0.449 0.764
    二次外推 0.971 1.209 0.408 0.803 8.129 11.606 0.526 0.652 11.499 15.821 0.595 0.508
    KAK LSTM 0.178 0.254 0.216 0.944 2.500 3.221 0.314 0.888 0.345 2.891 0.117 0.984
    线性外推 0.266 0.335 0.293 0.902 4.618 6.035 0.541 0.608 4.186 0.889 0.198 0.955
    二次外推 0.342 0.471 0.419 0.806 8.103 11.395 0.864 −0.399 5.543 7.227 0.301 0.902
    KNY LSTM 0.178 0.264 0.208 0.957 2.842 3.604 0.347 0.873 2.350 2.893 0.116 0.986
    线性外推 0.233 0.291 0.215 0.948 4.799 6.127 0.514 0.634 3.687 4.623 0.178 0.963
    二次外推 0.340 0.465 0.333 0.867 8.297 11.233 0.763 −0.232 5.078 6.300 0.251 0.932
    GUA LSTM 0.155 0.195 0.142 0.979 3.154 4.112 0.319 0.889 3.871 5.472 0.172 0.970
    线性外推 0.352 0.453 0.321 0.887 6.679 8.376 0.591 0.541 6.561 8.524 0.252 0.927
    二次外推 0.391 0.458 0.324 0.885 11.55 14.381 0.815 −0.354 5.756 8.547 0.251 0.927
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   LSTM模型、线性外推和二次外推预测的各要素年变率精度汇总

    Table  4   Summary of annual rate accuracy for elements predicted by LSTM model,linear extrapolation and quadratic extrapolation

    方法 D年变/(′⋅a−1 H年变/(nT⋅a−1 Z年变/(nT⋅a−1
    MAE RMSE NRMSE $ {R}^{2} $ MAE RMSE NRMSE $ {R}^{2} $ MAE RMSE NRMSE $ {R}^{2} $

    LSTM
    Min 0.077 0.145 0.095 0.646 0.816 0.975 0.071 0.498 0.345 2.219 0.102 0.947
    Max 0.575 0.796 0.494 0.989 5.178 6.948 0.691 0.991 5.106 6.289 0.225 0.988
    Mean 0.264 0.361 0.251 0.909 3.021 3.921 0.335 0.854 3.283 4.339 0.177 0.966

    线性外推
    Min 0.233 0.291 0.187 −1.653 4.618 6.028 0.351 −2.276 3.687 0.889 0.178 0.621
    Max 0.972 1.657 1.110 0.958 11.89 17.502 1.184 0.856 9.179 14.070 0.532 0.963
    Mean 0.568 0.777 0.502 0.541 7.160 9.374 0.676 0.150 6.185 8.173 0.320 0.866

    二次外推
    Min 0.307 0.368 0.324 −1.340 8.103 11.233 0.526 −4.902 5.078 6.300 0.248 0.489
    Max 1.517 1.980 0.945 0.885 19.14 28.224 1.098 0.652 12.220 16.116 0.595 0.932
    Mean 0.663 0.889 0.546 0.416 13.15 16.652 0.885 −1.499 7.800 10.133 0.389 0.796
    下载: 导出CSV
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