Seismic performance characteristics and damage of buildings in Lushan MS7.0 earthquake
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摘要: 基于2013年4月20日四川芦山MS7.0地震灾区的房屋建筑震害调查资料， 初步分析了这次地震中建筑结构的震害特征. 结合典型建筑结构震害案例， 从抗震概念设计和抗震构造措施的角度对震害机理进行了探讨， 总结了结构抗震设计方面的经验和教训并给出了相关的建议. 分析表明， 农村自建的砖木和土木结构房屋的抗震能力普遍较差; 砖混结构和砌体-框架混合结构的抗震性能需要严格的抗震构造措施给予保证， 包括合理设置钢筋混凝土构造柱和圈梁， 合理设置承重墙的数量以及承重墙上开洞的数量和位置； 由于鞭梢效应造成的突出屋顶的楼梯间和加层的破坏需引起重视.Abstract: The performance of buildings in the Lushan, Sichuan, MS7.0 earthquake of April 20, 2013, caused a considerable loss of property. The damage mechanism is analyzed from the seismic conceptual design and aseismic measure. Furthermore, the lessons learned from structures and the damage characteristics for typical buildings are summarized. Analysis results show that the seismic resistance capacity of masonry-timber roof truss buildings and adobe-wood buildings are generally very poor in rural areas. Strict earthquake-resistant measures are needed to guarantee the seismic capacity of masonry buildings and masonry-frame hybrid buildings, so that it must be given a reasonable set of reinforced concrete constructional columns, ring beams and a reasonable set of the number of bearing walls as well as the number and location of openings on bearing walls. The damage of outshoot roof staircases and adding story caused by whipping effect should be avoided.
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图 1 2013年4月20日四川省芦山MS7.0地震烈度图 (据中国地震局(2013b)2013年4月25日发布的烈度图修改)
Figure 1. Seismic intensity map of Lushan, Sichuan, MS7.0 earthquake occurred on 20 April 2013 (revised after the seismic intensity map issued by China Earthquake Administration (2013b) on 25 April 2013)
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图 2 土木结构房屋的震害．(a) 墙体开裂； (b) 木屋架塌陷
Figure 2. Seismic damages of adobe-wood buildingss. (a) Wall crack； (b) Collapse of timber roof truss
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图 3 木结构房屋震害.(a) 基本完好;(b) 屋架局部塌陷;(c) 隔墙倒塌
Figure 3. Seismic damages of wood buildings. (a) Basically well-remained; (b) Local collapse of roof truss; (c) Collapse of partition wall
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图 4 砌体-木屋架房屋震害． (a) 掉瓦； (b) 屋架坍塌； (c) 墙体严重开裂； (d) “12”厚墙体外闪倒塌
Figure 4. Seismic damages of masonry-timber roof truss buildings. (a) Drop of tile；(b) Collapse of roof truss； (c) Serious crack of wall； (d) Collapse of 12 cm thick wall
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图 5 砖混结构震害. (a) 承重墙剪切裂缝; (b) 承重墙严重破坏; (c) 窗间墙剪切裂缝; (d) “18”厚承重墙局部垮塌; (e) 非承重墙外闪倒塌; (f) 毁坏的砌体结构
Figure 5. Seismic damage of masonry buildings. (a) Shear cracks of bearing wall; (b) Serious damage of bearing wall; (c) Shear cracks of wall between windows; (d) Local collapse of 18 cm thick bearing wall; (e) Collapse of non-bearing wall; (f) Destroyed masonry building
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图 6 砌体-框架混合结构震害. (a) 受损的底框结构; (b) 底层柱顶破坏; (c) 底层柱底破坏; (d) 底层柱中剪切裂缝; (e) 底层填充墙破坏; (f) 上部砌体结构破坏
Figure 6. Seismic damage of masonry-frame hybrid buildings. (a) Damaged of bottom frame structure; (b) Damage of the top of column; (c) Damage of the bottom of column; (d) Shear crack at the middle of column; (e) Shear cracks of infill wall; (f) Damage of the masonry structure on the top
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图 7 框架结构填充墙轻微裂缝
Figure 7. Slight cracks on infill walls of reinforced concrete frame building
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图 8 采用隔震结构的芦山医院在芦山地震中的表现. (a) 芦山医院全貌; (b) 填充墙轻微裂缝; (c) 医院对面芦山博物馆的震害; (d) 主楼与附属结构连接处的破坏; (e) 主楼与附楼连接处的破坏
Figure 8. Seismic performance of isolated building. (a) Lushan Hospital; (b) Slight cracks on infill wall； (c) Damage of Lushan Museum opposite to Lushan Hospital; (d) Damage of connection between main building and attachment; (e) Damage of connection between main building and attached building
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图 9 不合理开窗造成的震害加重. (a) 承重墙不合理开窗; (b) 承重墙开窗过大; (c) 非承重墙开窗过大; (d) 墙体开窗过多造成短柱效应
Figure 9. Inappropriate location of windows increasing the seismic damage. (a) Inappropriate location of windows on bearing wall; (b) Oversized window on bearing wall; (c) Oversized window on non-bearing wall; (d) Short column effect caused by excessive windows on the wall
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图 10 不规则布置造成的震害加重. (a) 头重脚轻; (b) 平面呈多边形; (c), (d) 平立面均不规则
Figure 10. Damage of irregular buildings. (a) Vertical uneven mass distribution; (b) Polygon layout; (c), (d) Irregular layout of both horizontal and vertical
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图 11 突出屋顶的楼梯间和加层的破坏. (a) 屋顶楼梯间墙体开裂; (b) 屋顶楼梯间墙体开裂;(c) 屋顶楼梯间垮塌砸坏主体结构; (d) 屋顶加层结构发生墙体闪落
Figure 11. Damage of outshoot roof staircases and adding story. (a) Wall cracking of outshoot roof staircases; (b) Wall cracking of outshoot roof staircases; (c) Damage of main structure caused by collapsed outshoot roof staircases; (d) Collapse of walls of adding story
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