Investigation on Zhaotan site in NW-trending ground fissure zone of 1976 MS7.8 Tangshan earthquake in Laoting-Luannan region
-
摘要: 1976年唐山MS7.8地震的早期野外调查结果显示, 在乐亭—滦南地区存在一条NW走向的地裂缝带, 自滦南县申营村往南断续延伸至乐亭县王滩镇王各庄村, 长度大于30 km, 以右旋走滑为主. 该地裂缝是1976年唐山MS7.8地震形成的, 但其地理位置接近1976年唐山地震序列中滦县MS7.1地震形成的NW向地表破裂带延伸方向上. 为进一步研究唐山地震的发震构造, 本文拟基于前人资料, 对乐亭—滦南地区NW向地裂缝带赵滩点位展开调查, 并实施探槽开挖和钻孔探测. 探槽揭示出小型砂脉和宽1.0—1.2 m的大型砂脉分别为1976年唐山MS7.8地震和该地震之前另一次强震事件的产物; 钻孔探测结果表明主砂脉两侧地层不存在明显的垂直落差, 这与1976年唐山MS7.8地震时该点位出现的地裂缝现象是右旋剪切以及赵滩探槽揭示的两侧垂直位移不明显的现象相吻合.
-
关键词:
- 1976年唐山MS7.8地震 /
- NW向地裂缝带 /
- 探槽 /
- 钻孔测线
Abstract: Field investigation after the 1976 MS7.8 Tangshan earthquake reveals that, in Laoting and Luannan region exists a NW-trending ground fissure zone, which is from Shenying village, Luannan county and extended to Wanggezhuang village, Wangtan town, Laoting county, with more than 30 km in length and mainly in dextral strike slip. Laoting-Luannan ground fissures are formed by the 1976 Tangshan MS7.8 earthquake, but its position closes to the extending line of the NW-trending surface rupture zone of Luanxian MS7.1 earthquake. In order to further study the seismogenic structure of the Tangshan MS7.8 earthquake, based on previous data, we investigated the Zhaotan site on the NW-trending Laoting-Luannan ground fissure zone, implemented the trench excavation and drilling exploration. The trench reveals small sand veins and sand vein approximately 1.0—1.2 m wide, which are formed by the 1976 MS7.8 Tang-shan earthquake and another strong earthquake before the quake, respectively. The borehole profile shows that there is no clearly vertical displacement between the two sides of the main sand vein, which coincides with the pheno-mena that the ground fissures of the 1976 MS7.8 Tangshan earthquake in this position is of dextral strike slip and the vertical displacement is not obvious that is revealed by the Zhaotan trench. -
-
图 1 1976年唐山MS7.8、 滦县MS7.1地震震中位置和唐山及周边地区地理环境(引自Guo et al, 2011,断层展布略加修改)
左上角附图为本文研究区在华北地区的位置. 1. 基岩; 2. 上更新统—全新统沉积物; 3. 图 3位置;4. 地表河流; 5. 1976年唐山MS7.8地震和滦县MS7.1地震的地表破裂带; 6. 乐亭—滦南地裂缝带; 7. 隐伏或半隐伏断裂; 8. 震中. F1: 野鸡坨断裂; F2: 唐山断裂带; F3: 蓟运河断裂; F4: 宁河—昌黎断裂; F5: 滦县西断裂; F6: 滦县—卢龙断裂; F7: 滦县—乐亭断裂; F8: 塘沽断裂; F9: 柏各庄断裂; F10: 迁安北断裂,下同
Figure 1. Location of the epicenters of the 1976 MS7.8 Tangshan and MS7.1 Luanxian earth-quakes and geographical conditions in the Tangshan region and its surrounding areas (from Guo et al, 2011,the distribution of faults was modified slightly)
The upper-left corner shows the position of the studied area in this paper. 1. Bedrock; 2. Upper Pleistocene-Holocene sediment; 3. The position of Fig. 3; 4. River and flow direction; 5. Surface rupture zone of the 1976 MS7.8 Tangshan earthquake and 1976 MS7.1 Luanxian earthquake; 6. Laoting-Luannan ground fissure zone; 7. Buried or semi-buried fault; 8. Epicenter. F1: Yejituo fault; F2: Tangshan fault zone; F3: Jiyunhe fault; F4: Ninghe-Changli fault; F5: Western Luanxian fault; F6: Luanxian-Lulong fault; F7: Luanxian-Laoting fault; F8: Tanggu fault; F9: Baigezhuang fault; F10: Northern Qian'an fault,the same below
图 2 唐山地区基岩地质图(修改自河北省地质矿产局,1989)
1. 太古界; 2. 震旦纪; 3. 寒武—奥陶纪; 4. 石炭—二叠纪; 5. 侏罗—白垩纪; 6. 燕山旋回Ⅲ期酸性岩浆岩; 7. 第三纪; 8. 断裂; 9. 1976年唐山地震序列地表破裂带; 10. 震中; 1 1. 背斜; 12. 向斜; Ⅰ. 唐山MS7.8地震NE向地表破裂带; Ⅱ. 滦县MS7.1地震地表破裂带; Ⅲ. 乐亭—滦南地裂缝带; 绿框为图 3位置
Figure 2. Geological map of bedrock in Tangshan area(revised from Geology and Mineral Resources Bureau of Hebei Province,1989)
1. Archaeozoic; 2. Sinian; 3. Cambrian-Ordovician; 4. Carboniferous-Permian; 5. Jurassic-Cretaceous; 6. Acidic magmatic rock in Yanshan Ⅲ Period; 7. Tertiary; 8. Fault; 9. Surface rupture of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence; 10. Epicenter; 11. Anticline; 12. Syncline; Ⅰ. NE-trending surface rupture zone of MS7.8 Tangshan earthquake; Ⅱ. NW-trending surface rupture zone of MS7.1 Luanxian earthquake; Ⅲ. Laoting-Luannan ground fissure zone; The green frame is the position of Fig. 3
图 3 乐亭—滦南地区地裂缝位置展布图(修改自张振江,1986)
图中地裂缝序号与表 1中的序号对应
Figure 3. Location of ground fissure sites in Laoting-Luannan region(revised from Zhang,1986)
The numbers of ground fissure sites are the same as those in Table 1
图 4 乐亭县王滩镇赵滩村机耕路及两侧白杨树被错断(镜像N)(引自国家地震局地震地质大队,1986)
Figure 4. Broken road and poplar trees on both sides in Zhaotan village,Wangtan town,Laoting county (view to N)(after Seismo-Geological Brigade,State Seismological Bureau,1986)
图 5 乐亭赵滩探槽和钻孔平面图及照片
(a)探槽和钻孔平面分布图;(b)探槽景观图,镜像NE;(c)探槽SE壁主砂脉近景,砂脉内黑色细砂界线呈漏斗形态,底部细沙含褐色黏土团块;(d)探槽NW壁主砂脉北侧细砂脉近景,断错地层③—④,层③底部出现近20 cm的断距,北升南降
Figure 5. The plane and photos of Zhaotan trench and boreholes
(a)The plane of trench and borehole profile;(b)A view of the trench,view to NE;(c)The close-up of the main sand vein in southeast wall of the trench,there is the black fine sand which is funnel-shaped,and brown clay lump at the bottom;(d)The close-up of the thin sand vein at the north of the main sand vein in northwest wall,the layer ③ to ④ were broken and the displacement is 20 cm at the bottom of layer ③,uplifting in north and descending in south
图 6 乐亭赵滩探槽剖面图
(a)赵滩探槽NW壁剖面图,图中蓝框为b图位置;(b)赵滩探槽NW壁砂脉出露段落的照片拼图(上)和剖面图(下);(c)赵滩探槽SE壁砂脉出露段落的照片拼图(上)和剖面图(下)1. 黏土; 2. 砂层; 3. 层号; 4. 14C测年样品; 5. TL测年样品
Figure 6. Sections of the Zhaotan trench in Laoting county
(a)Profile of northwest wall of the Zhaotan trench,the blue frame is the location of Fig.(b);(b)Photos mosaic(upper)and section(lower)of sand vein part of northwest wall; (c)Photos mosaic(upper)and section(lower)of sand vein part of southeast wall 1. Clay; 2. Sand layer; 3. Stratum number; 4. 14C dating; 5. TL dating
图 7 乐亭赵滩钻孔探测剖面图
1. 淤泥质黏土; 2. 粉砂; 3. 粉细砂; 4. 细砂; 5. 中砂; 6. 中粗砂; 7. 粗砂; 8. 含砾石砂; 9. 砾石层;10. 亚砂土; 11. 亚黏土; 12. 黏土; 13. 14C测年样品; 14. TL测年样品; 15. 地层编号
Figure 7. Zhaotan composite borehole profile in Laoting county
1. Muddy clay; 2. Silty sand; 3. Silty-fine sand; 4. Fine sand; 5. Medium sand; 6. Medium-coarse sand;7. Coarse sand; 8. Sand with gravel; 9. Gravel; 10. Sandy loam; 11. Loam; 12. Clay;1 3. 14C sampling site; 14. TL sampling site; 15. Stratum number
表 1 前人提及和本研究确认的乐亭—滦南地裂缝点位
Table 1 Sites of the Laoting-Luannan ground fissures resulted from 1976 Tangshan earthquake mentioned in previous researches and confirmed in this study
序号 地点 构造现象 活动方式 调查结果 出处 1 乐亭县王各庄村东北 杨树行断错2 m,走向为NW45° 右旋 得到当地村民陈旭确认 张振江(1986)和本文 2 乐亭县赵滩村西北 机耕路及两侧白杨树行断错0.8 m,走向为NW50° 右旋 得到当地村民赵树恩确认,现今道路依旧在,但树行已改变 张振江(1986)和本文 3 乐亭县孟庄镇沙口村 裂缝宽0.5—0.7 m,错距为1.1 m,走向为NW50° 右旋 — 张振江(1986) 4 乐亭县大罗庄村西北 田埂、 菜行被错开0.6 m,走向为NW25° 右旋 当地村民陈景刚回忆村内有地裂缝展布,但不能确认其位置 张振江(1986) 5 乐亭县常家铺至郭家房子 3条平行排列的裂缝,每条宽约0.5—4.0 m,由北向南走向由NW30°转为NE30°,错距为1.5 m 右旋 得到当地村民刘树清和郭至棕确认 张振江(1986)和本文 6 乐亭县董家铺村 公路被断错1.0 m,走向为NW30°;玉米地中田埂断错,该裂缝位于上述公路左旋错断点并向两侧延伸 左旋右旋 当地村民回忆震后出现地裂缝,但不能指认其确切位置 张振江(1986) 7 滦南县申营村 裂缝走向为NS,错距为0.12 m 右旋 当地村民申志安回忆震后出现地裂缝,但不能指认其确切位置 张振江(1986) 表 2 乐亭县王滩镇赵滩探槽、 钻孔测线样品测年结果
Table 2 Dating results of samples from the Zhaotan trench and boreholes in Wangtan town,Laoting county
序号 样品编号 层位编号 深度/m 岩性 距今年龄/ka 赵滩探槽 1 TC1-14C-1 ⑤ 1.75 褐色黏土 1.55±0.03 2 TC1-TL-1 ⑥ 2.7 黄色细砂 1.94±0.16 3 TC1-TL-5 ⑦ 1.0 白色细砂 7.83±0.66 4 TC1-TL-6 ⑦ 1.7 白色细砂 6.33±0.54 赵滩钻孔联合剖面 5 ZK1-2-14C-1 ② 6.8 黑色黏土 2.92±0.03 6 ZK1-3-14C-1 ② 15.0 草炭 8.54±0.04 7 ZK1-3-14C-1-P ② 15.0 草炭 8.11±0.04 8 ZK1-1-14C-2 ③ 12.7 黑灰色黏土 9.38±0.04 9 ZK1-1-TL-2 ⑤ 25.0 黄色黏土 45.23±3.84 10 ZK1-3-TL-2 ⑤ 25.8 灰黄色亚砂土 46.15±3.92 11 ZK1-2-TL-1 ⑦ 36.7 青灰色亚黏土 61.17±6.73 12 ZK1-3-TL-3 ⑦ 34.0 灰黄色亚黏土 54.50±4.63 注: 表中14C样品由美国BETA 14C实验室完成,其中ZK1-3-14C-1-P为AMS植物材料测年,其它为AMS有机质测年; TL测年样品由中国地震局地壳应力研究所地质年代实验室完成. -
杜春涛, 孟宪梁, 陈书贤. 1985. 唐山地震的地裂缝[G]//唐山大地震震害(一). 北京: 地震出版社: 174-189. http://www.oalib.com/references/19014260 Du C T, Meng X L, Chen S X. 1985. Ground fissures of the Tangshan earthquake[G]//Disaster of Tangshan Great Earthquake (1). Beijing: Seismological Press: 174-189 (in Chinese). http://www.oalib.com/references/19014260
郭慧, 江娃利, 谢新生. 2011. 对1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震地表破裂带展布及位移特征的新认识[J]. 地震地质, 33(3): 506-524. Guo H, Jiang W L, Xie X S. 2011. New evidence for the distribution of surface rupture zone of the 1976 MS7.8 Tang-shan earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 33(3): 506-524 (in Chinese).
郭慧, 江娃利, 谢新生. 2014. 1976年唐山MS7.8地震强震序列滦县MS7.1地震发震构造三山院探槽地震事件分析[C]//中国地球科学联合学术年会. 北京: 中国地球物理学会: 806-807. Guo H, Jiang W L, Xie X S. 2014. The seismic events of the seismogenic fault of the 1976 MS7.1 Luanxian earthquakes on the 1976 MS7.8 Tangshan earthquake sequence, as revealed by Sanshanyuan trench[C]//Annual Meeting of Chinese Geoscience Union. Beijing: Chinese Geophysical Society: 806-807 (in Chinese).
国家地震局《一九七六年唐山地震》编辑组. 1982. 一九七六年唐山地震[M]. 北京: 地震出版社: 1-32. Editorial Group of The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake, State Seismogical Bureau. 1982. The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press: 1-32 (in Chinese).
国家地震局地震地质大队. 1986. 地裂缝照片20[G]//唐山大地震震害(四). 北京: 地震出版社: 30. Seismo-Geological Brigade, State Seismological Bureau. 1986. Photos of surface fissure No.20 [G]//Disaster of Tang-shan Great Earthquake (4). Beijing: Seismological Press: 30 (in Chinese).
虢顺民, 李志义, 程绍平, 陈献程, 陈孝德, 杨主恩, 李如成. 1977. 唐山地震区域构造背景和发震模式的讨论[J]. 地质科学, 12(4): 305-321. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX197704000.htm Guo S M, Li Z Y, Cheng S P, Chen X C, Chen X D, Yang Z E, Li R C. 1977. Discussion on the regional structure background and the seismogenic model of the Tangshan earthquake[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 12(4): 305-321 (in Chinese). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX197704000.htm
河北省地质矿产局. 1989. 河北省-北京市-天津市区域地质志[M]. 北京: 地质出版社: 1. Geology and Mineral Resource Bureau of Hebei Province. 1989. Regional Geological Records of Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin[M]. Beijing: Geology Publishing House: 1 (in Chinese).
王景明, 陈国顺, 郑文俊, 杨文田. 1981a. 唐山7.8级和7.1级地震地裂缝及地震成因探讨[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 3(2): 61-72. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XAGX198102007.htm Wang J M, Chen G S, Zheng W J, Yang W T. 1981a. A study on the surface rupture and reason of Tangshan 7.8 earthquake and Luanxian 7.1 earthquake [J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 3(2): 61-72 (in Chinese). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XAGX198102007.htm
王景明, 郑文俊, 陈国顺, 杨文田, 陈国林, 潘祖寿. 1981b. 唐山地震地面主破裂带及地震成因探讨[J]. 地震研究, 4(4): 437-449. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZYJ198104010.htm Wang J M, Zheng W J, Chen G S, Yang W T, Chen G L, Pan Z S. 1981b. A study on the principal surface fracture belt and the cause of occurrence of the Tangshan earthquake[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 4(4): 437-449 (in Chinese). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZYJ198104010.htm
张振江. 1986. 唐山地震乐亭县王滩地裂缝的探讨[J]. 华北地震科学, 4(4): 102-104. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HDKD198604014.htm Zhang Z J. 1986. Discussion on the surface fissure of Tangshan earthquake in Wangtan, Laoting county[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 4(4): 102-104 (in Chinese). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HDKD198604014.htm
Guo H, Jiang W L, Xie X S. 2011. Late-Quaternary strong earthquakes on the seismogenic fault of the 1976 Tangshan MS7.8 earthquake, Hebei, as revealed by drilling and trenching[J]. Science China Earth Science, 54(11): 1696-1715. doi: 10.1007/s11430-011-4218-x