The development in seismic application research of VLF/LF radio waves
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摘要: 甚低频/低频人工源电波作为一种主动源发射的通讯导航信号，因其长距离波导传播的特性在地-电离层观测及应用中表现出极大的优势。本文总结了二十世纪末以来基于甚低频/低频（VLF/LF）电波观测技术及其数据分析方法、典型震例及统计研究成果、圈层耦合机理等方面的研究进展，并通过探讨其应用成果的快速积累及前兆扰动起源等研究难点，展望了未来在我国多种地基和卫星电磁配合下的综合立体体系建设以及该技术可能发挥的最大贡献。Abstract: Radio waves from very low frequency and low frequency （VLF/LF） transmitters, as an active signal for communication and navigation purpose, show great advantages in ionospheric monitoring and application research with their long-distance propagation feature in the waveguide between surface and lower ionosphere. This paper summarized the developments in detecting technology of VLF/LF radio waves, their data analysis methods, case study and statistical research, coupling processes and channels in lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere. On the basis of the significant achievements of this technology in earthquake application, and the researches in the origin of big disturbances in VLF/LF observations, the future development plan has been considered to build up a stereo-monitoring system in China by combining our long-history ground-based network and new satellite platform in electromagnetic field, to fully use of this technology in earthquake research.
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图 1 1995年1月17日日本神户MS7.2地震前后晨昏时间位移异常（引自Molchanov et al，1998b）
tm为早晨日出时间，te为黄昏日落时间，图中阴影区为异常；Nph为对应低点的相位值，*为地震当日
Figure 1. The TTs anomalies around Kobe MS7.2 earthquake on 17 January 1995 （Molchanov et al，1998b）
x-axis indicates the local time of 0−24，tm is the morning time，te is the evening time，the shadow areas are the anomalies；Nph denote the phase corresponding to the lowest TTs anomalies，* denotes the earthquake occurrence time
图 2 2011年3月11日东日本大地震前后VLF信号夜侧平均幅值T和离差D的归一化标准差直方图以及M-t地震序列（Hayakawa et al，2018）
Figure 2. The histogram of nighttime average amplitude （T） and deviation （D） of VLF signals around Tohoku earthquake in Japan on 11 March 2011 and the M-t series plot of this earthquake （Hayakawa et al，2018）
图 3 2005年6—9月VLF 观测链路上夜测波动NF，平均幅值T和AGWM的归一化标准差σ直方图及区域M5.0以上地震的M-t图（顶部红色垂线）（Muto et al，2009）
Figure 3. The normalized standard deviation histogram of three parameters （ NF，T，and AGWM） along the VLF observing link of JJY-KCK and the M-t plot of the M≥5.0 earthquakes （the red vertical line at the top of each panel） in the area during June to September in 2005 （Muto et al，2009）
图 4 2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震前后低频人工源信号SNR时空演化图（1—5月，每半月一张图；引自Zhang et al，2019）
Figure 4. The spatio-temporal variations of SNR from LF transmitter signals around Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake on 12 May 2008 （during January to May with half month for each panel，from Zhang et al，2019）
图 5 岩石层-大气层-电离层圈层耦合机理及耦合通道（引自Hayakawa，2004）
Figure 5. Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling mechanism and channels （from Hayakawa，2004）
表 1 中国无线电频率划分表
Table 1. Regulations on the radio frequency allocation in China
带号 频 带 名 称 频 率 范 围 波 段 名 称 波 长 范 围 −1 至低频（TLF） 0.03—0.3 Hz 至长波或千兆米波 10 000—1 000 Mm 0 至低频（TLF） 0.3—3 Hz 至长波或百兆米波 1000—100 Mm 1 极低频（ELF） 3—30 Hz 极长波 100—10 Mm 2 超低频（SLF） 30—300 Hz 超长波 10—1 Mm 3 特低频（ULF） 300—3 000 Hz 特长波 1000—100 km 4 甚低频（VLF） 3—30 kHz 甚长波 100—10 km 5 低频（LF） 30—300 kHz 长波 10—1 km 6 中频（MF） 300—3 000 kHz 中波 1000—100 m 7 高频（HF） 3—30 MHz 短波 100—10 m 8 甚高频（VHF） 30—300 MHz 米波 10—1 m 9 特高频（UHF） 300—3000 MHz 分米波 10—1 dm 10 超高频（SHF） 3—30 GHz 厘米波 10—1 cm 11 极高频（EHF） 30—300 GHz 毫米波 10—1 mm 12 至高频（THF） 300—3 000 GHz 丝米波或亚毫米波 10—1 dmm 
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