Hydraulic responses of groundwater-level in deep wells to the passage of a squall line in North China
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摘要:
为探讨华北地区飑线天气对深井水位干扰的特征和影响机制，以2017年9月21日发生在华北中部的一次飑线事件为例，使用时频分析和线性回归等方法系统地诊断了此次飑线对无极、辛集、永清和宁晋等四口千米级深井的水位扰动特征。结果表明：在宏观层面，飑线过境各深井时会引起气压快速涌升，在气压的激励下，深井水位出现了即时的脉冲状波动，该干扰的持续时间可长达127 min；此次飑线过程中周期性气压波动的主频段为15—25 cpd，在该频段内，各深井水位与气压扰动的形态高度负相关，相关系数均低于−0.95，气压系数主要集中在−4.9—−6.9 mm/hPa之间。
Abstract:Since the Mesozoic, the North China has experienced intensive seismic activity. Given its special seismo-tectonic background and unusually high level of seismic potential, a network of deep wells, primarily monitoring fault and crustal deformation precursors to destructive earthquakes, has been deployed in this area since late 1960s. Although these deep well-aquifer systems can effectively capture the tectonic transients, numerous spike-like signals associated with non-tectonic sources are always recorded in the groundwater levels; however, their physical mechanism have not been confirmed on a case-by-case basis up to now.
The squall line is a common type of meso-scale convective system usually defined as a group of violent thunderstorms or storm cells arranged in the form of a narrow （a few tens of kilometers） or long （several hundreds of kilometers） line in a Doppler radar. Furthermore, the typical life-span of a squall line can last several hours, and its propagation speed is approximately 60 km/h. The surface area affected by squall line is typically accompanied by abrupt changes in surface pressure and air temperature.
Squall lines occur with a high frequency in North China, but it is still unclear that how this kind of meso-scale severe weather disturbs the groundwater levels in deep wells. In view of the current situation, a target research is needed to reveal the features of hydraulic responses. On 21 September 2017, a squall line passed across the central North China, and significantly disturbed the groundwater levels in four wells deeper than 1 km, which are Wuji, Xinji, Yongqing, and Ningjin wells. Here we mainly adopt the spectrogram and linear regression methods to systematically examine the unique signals stimulated by this squall line. The results show that: ① From a macro perspective, the barometric pressures recorded at the deep wells can abruptly jump induced by the passage of squall line; instantly, the strong pulse-like disturbances were observed on groundwater level graphs associated with pressure jumps; ② The duration of disturbance could last as long as about 127 minutes for this case; ③ In the highfrequency band, the barometric waves induced by squall line have a period between 15 cpd （cycles per day） and 25 cpd. Correspondingly, the cross-correlation coefficients between barometric waves and groundwater changes can be lower than −0.95 for the four deep wells in this special frequency band. Furthermore, the barometric pressure response coefficients vary from about −4.9 mm/hPa to −6.9 mm/hPa for the four wells, determined as the linear regression coefficient between groundwater level and barometric pressure in the 15−25 cpd band-passed data. Our analysis shows that this work can extend our understating of the signatures caused by squall line in the field of groundwater research. Additionally, owing to the large amplitude of barometric waves, the squall line can help quantify the precise responses of groundwater levels in deep wells to barometric pressures in the high frequency band.
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图 4 飑线过境时各井气压高频振荡的时频图
（a） 无极井；（b） 辛集井；（c） 永清井；（d） 宁晋井
Figure 4. Spectrograms of the high-frequency fluctuations of barometric pressures caused by the squall line
（a） Wuji well；（b） Xinji well；（c） Yongqing well；（d） Ningjin well
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图 1 2017年9月21日飑线主体的演变过程（杨晓亮，杨敏，2020）以及华北地区深井和气象站的分布
Figure 1. The passage of the squall line on 21 September 2017 （Yang，Yang，2020） and distribution of deep wells （black triangles） and meteorological stations （green triangles） in North China
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图 2 飑线过境时各井记录到的静水位、气压和气温的原始变化
（a） 无极井；（b） 辛集井；（c） 永清井；（d） 宁晋井
Figure 2. The original changes of groundwater levels （black traces），barometric pressures （green traces），and air temperatures （red traces） in response to the passage of the squall line （denoted by blue stripe） for the four wells
（a） Wuji well；（b） Xinji well；（c） Yongqing well；（d） Ningjin well
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图 3 2017年9月21日18—24时各测项对飑线过境时响应的细节特征
蓝色垂直虚线表示飑线影响的起始和结束时刻；①，②和③依次表示飑前低压、雷暴高压和尾流低压时段。 （a） 无极井；（b） 辛集井；（c） 永清井；（d） 宁晋井
Figure 3. The detailed variations of groundwater levels （black traces），barometric pressures （green traces），and air temperatures （red traces） in response to the passage of the squall line from 18:00 to 24:00 on 21 September 2017 for the four wells
The blue vertical dashed lines represent the start （left） and end （right） times of the passage of squall line，respectively. The green short thick-lines with signs of ①，②，and ③ indicate the pre-squall mesolow，a squall mesohigh，and a wake low，respectively. （a） Wuji well；（b） Xinji well；（c） Yongqing well；（d） Ningjin well
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图 5 在15—25 cpd频段内各深井的水位和气压波曲线对比
（a） 无极井；（b） 辛集井；（c） 永清井；（d） 宁晋井
Figure 5. Detailed comparison of the fluctuations of groundwater levels （red lines） with barometric pressure changes （green lines） as a squall line passed the four deep wells
（a） Wuji well；（b） Xinji well；（c） Yongqing well；（d） Ningjin well
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图 6 15—25 cpd频段内各深井的水位与气压的互相关系数
滞后时间为正，表示水位滞后气压，反之为超前
Figure 6. The cross-correlation coefficients between the band-pass filtered （15−25 cpd） groundwater levels and barometric pressures for the deep wells
The negative lag time means that groundwater level advances the barometric pressure，while the positive lag time means the groundwater level lags behind the barometric pressure
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图 7 消除时滞效应后井水位与气压的一元线性回归方程（15—25 cpd频段内）
（a） 无极井；（b） 辛集井；（c） 永清井；（d） 宁晋井
Figure 7. The simple linear regression relationships between groundwater levels and barometric pressures after eliminating time delays in the 15−25 cpd frequency band
（a） Wuji well；（b） Xinji well；（c） Yongqing well；（d） Ningjin well
表 1 四口深井及其周邻气象站概况
Table 1 General information for the four deep wells and three neighboring meteorological stations
井名 套管
直径
/cm地下水类型 井深/m 井孔与含水层
连通深度
/m含水层岩性 水位仪、气压仪
和气温仪的型号相邻
气象站与气象
站间距
/km2017年9月
21日降雨量
/mm无极 不详 岩溶裂隙承压水 2984.50 2333 —2984 灰岩，白云岩 ZKGD-3000NL，
RTP-Ⅱ石家庄 53 1.2 辛集 24.45 岩溶裂隙承压水 2052.37 1539 —2052 白云岩 石家庄 67 1.2 永清 21.60 岩溶承压水 1274.11 1070 —1274 灰岩，白云岩 霸州 12 0.0 宁晋 30.00 岩溶裂隙承压水 2003.78 1899—1919 砂质灰岩 南宫 7 0.0 
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表 2 四口深井的水位、气压和气温对飑线过程的响应变化
Table 2 Temporal variations of groundwater levels，barometric pressures，and air temperatures in response to the passage of the squall line for the four deep wells
井名 观测
物理量飑线演变的主过程 变化形态 最大变幅 开始时刻
h:min峰值时刻
h:min结束时刻
h:min历时/min 无极 静水位 19:09 20:00 20:42 93 脉冲状 10 mm 气压 20:13 涌升 1.3 hPa 气温 20:39 骤降 8.5 ℃ 辛集 静水位 19:48 20:40 21:27 99 脉冲状 18 mm 气压 20:40 涌升 2.3 hPa 气温 21:27 骤降 7.0 ℃ 永清 静水位 20:10 21:17 22:17 127 脉冲状 13 mm 气压 21:16 涌升 1.5 hPa 气温 22:17 骤降 5.4 ℃ 宁晋 静水位 19:54 20:59 21:36 102 脉冲状 12 mm 气压 20:49 涌升 2.6 hPa 气温 21:36 骤降 7.2 ℃
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表 3 各深井水位与气压在15—25 cpd频段内的相关系数及时滞
Table 3 The cross-correlation coefficients between the 15−25 cpd band-passed groundwater levels and barometric pressures for the four deep wells as well as corresponding time delays
井名 相关系数 井水位滞后气压的时间/min 井名 相关系数 井水位滞后气压的时间/min 无极 −0.956 01 −10 永清 −0.992 13 1 辛集 −0.994 12 −1 宁晋 −0.992 14 10
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