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Liu J，Xu J，Ou Q，Han L F，Wang Z J，Shao Z G，Zhang P Z，Yao W Q，Wang P. 2023. Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica，45（4）：579−596. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20220051
Citation: Liu J，Xu J，Ou Q，Han L F，Wang Z J，Shao Z G，Zhang P Z，Yao W Q，Wang P. 2023. Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica，45（4）：579−596. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20220051
shu

Discussion on the overestimated magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake

  • 1.

    School of Earth System Science，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China

  • 2.

    The Second Monitoring and Application Center，China Earthquake Administration，Xi’an 710054，China

  • 3.

    Department of Earth Sciences，University of Oxford，Oxford OX1 3AN，UK

  • 4.

    Institute of Earthquake Forecasting，China Earthquake Administration，Beijing 100036，China

  • 5.

    School of Earth Science and Engineering，Sun Yat-Sen University，Guangdong Zhuhai 519080，China

  • 6.

    Institute of Geology，China Earthquake Administration，Beijing 100029，China

More Information
  • Received Date: April 08, 2022
  • Revised Date: November 13, 2022
  • Available Online: March 08, 2023
  • Published Date: July 14, 2023
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract
  • The great 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, resulting in tremendous casualties, ranks as one of the largest and most devastating earthquakes in China. This significant event marks the start of investigating earthquakes through modern scientific approaches in China. Recent studies show that the moment magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is MW（7.9±0.2）, prominently smaller than the widely known and often cited magnitude M81/2. This paper reviews the re-calibration and conversion of different types of magnitude in the early developing phase of seismometers and analogue seismographs. Similar to the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, the magnitude of many large shallow earthquakes that occurred in this period are systematically overestimated due to factors such as developing technology, sparse instrumentation and data, and diverse calibration functions. The moment magnitude, linked to physical parameters of earthquake rupture, is the best magnitude scale. For magnitude is the most commonly used parameter in describing an earthquake’s size and energy and is an essential factor in seismic hazard assessment, bias and errors in magnitude conversion have significant consequences in understanding the spatio-temporal pattern of historical seismicity and the reliability of various products of seismic potential and hazard evaluation. We thus advocate citing revised moment magnitude MW（7.9±0.2） for the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in future studies and re-evaluating the magnitude of historical earthquakes in general. With a revised magnitude, the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is similar in size to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake （MW7.9, MS8.0） and the 2001 Kunlun earthquake （MW7.8, MS8.1）.
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