Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake

Liu Jing; Xu Jing; Ou Qi; Han Longfei; Wang Zijun; Shao Zhigang; Zhang Peizhen; Yao Wenqian; Wang Peng

doi:10.11939/jass.20220051

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Liu J，Xu J，Ou Q，Han L F，Wang Z J，Shao Z G，Zhang P Z，Yao W Q，Wang P. 2023. Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica，45（4）：1−18 doi: 10.11939/jass.20220051

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Liu J，Xu J，Ou Q，Han L F，Wang Z J，Shao Z G，Zhang P Z，Yao W Q，Wang P. 2023. Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica，45（4）：1−18 doi: 10.11939/jass.20220051

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Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake

doi: 10.11939/jass.20220051

1.
School of Earth System Science，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China
2.
The Second Monitoring and Application Center，China Earthquake Administration，Xi’an 710054，China
3.
Department of Earth Sciences，University of Oxford，Oxford OX1 3AN，UK
4.
Institute of Earthquake Forecasting，China Earthquake Administration，Beijing 100036，China
5.
School of Earth Science and Engineering，Sun Yat-Sen University，Guangdong Zhuhai 519080，China
6.
Institute of Geology，China Earthquake Administration，Beijing 100029，China

Received Date: 2022-04-09
Rev Recd Date: 2022-11-14

Available Online: 2023-03-09

Abstract

Abstract

The great 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, resulting in tremendous casualties, ranks as one of the largest and most devastating earthquakes in China. This significant event marks the start of investigating earthquakes through modern scientific approaches in China. Recent studies show that the moment magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is M_W7.9±0.2, prominently smaller than the widely known and often cited magnitude M8¹/₂. This paper reviews the re-calibration and conversion of different magnitude types in the early developing phase of seismometers and analogue seismographs. Similar to the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, the magnitude of many large shallow earthquakes that occurred in this period are systematically over-estimated due to factors such as developing technology, sparse instrumentation and data, and diverse calibration functions. The moment magnitude, linked to physical parameters of earthquake rupture, is the best magnitude scale. For magnitude is the most commonly used parameter in describing an earthquake’s size and energy and is an essential factor in seismic hazard assessment, bias and errors in magnitude conversion have significant consequences in understanding the spatio-temporal pattern of historical seismicity and the reliability of various products of seismic potential and hazard evaluation. We thus advocate citing revised moment magnitude M_W7.9 for the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in future studies and re-evaluating the magnitude of historical earthquakes in general. With a revised magnitude, the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is similar in size to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake （M_W7.9, M_S8.0） and the 2001 Kunlun earthquake （M_W7.8, M_S8.1）.
- the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake,
- historical earthquake,
- magnitude scale,
- Gutenberg-Richter surface-wave magnitude,
- moment magnitude,
- coseismic slip distribution

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References(120)

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